Effect of prostaglandin F3 alpha on gastric mucosal injury by ethanol in rats: comparison with prostaglandin F2 alpha

In humans eicosapentaenoic acid can be converted to 3-series prostaglandins (PGF3 alpha, PGI3, and PGE3). Whether 3-series prostaglandins can protect the gastric mucosa from injury as effectively as their 2-series analogs is unknown. Therefore, we compared the protective effects of PGF3 alpha and PGF2 alpha against gross and microscopic gastric mucosal injury in rats. Animals received a subcutaneous injection of either PGF3 alpha or PGF2 alpha in doses ranging from 0 (vehicle) to 16.8 mumol/kg and 30 min later they received intragastric administration of 1 ml of absolute ethanol. Whether mucosal injury was assessed 60 min or 5 min after ethanol, PGF3 alpha was significantly less protective against ethanol-induced damage than PGF2 alpha. These findings indicate that the presence of a third double bond in the prostaglandin F molecule between carbons 17 and 18 markedly reduces the protective effects of this prostaglandin on the gastric mucosa.     

Evolutionary conservation of the human homologue of the yeast cell cycle control gene cdc2 and assignment of Cd2 to chromosome 10

Summary The human homologue of the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe cell cycle control gene cdc2 has been assigned to chromosome 10. DNA hybridization reveals that this gene is highly conserved in vertebrates. The human CDC2 gene probe detects a simple two-allele polymorphism in Taq1-digested DNA.     

Studies on the submicrosomal fractions of bovine oligodendroglia: Lipid composition and glycolipid biosynthesis

Oligodendroglia were isolated from bovine brain, and a crude, microsomal fraction obtained from cell homogenates was subfractionated into myelin (MP), plasma membranes (PM), Golgi (GF), smooth (SER) and rough (RER) endoplasmic membranes using discontinuous-sucrose gradient centrifugation. The submicrosomal fractions were characterized by ultrastructural examination and analysis of the specific organelle markers. The myelin and plasma membrane rich fractions contained characteristically the highest amounts of the lipid with lower mole percentages of total phospholipids and phosphatidylcholine, and higher concentrations of phosphatidylethanolamine (+plasmalogens), cholesterol and galactolipids. Considerable amounts of the typical myelin galactolipids (galacto-cerebrosides, sulfatides and monogalactosyl diglycerides) were also found in the Golgi fraction (GF). The GF fraction had the greatest enrichment of glycolipid-forming galactosyltransferases, and the distribution of these enzymes correlated well with that of the Golgi marker enzymes. The results give evidence that intracellular Golgi apparatus of oligodendroglia is rich in the myelin-specific lipids, and suggest its involvement in the synthesis and processing of myelin lipids.     

Effect of dietary protein on cholesterol homeostasis in diabetic rats

Normal and streptozotocin (STZ)-diabetic rats were studied in order to examine the effects of altering the type of dietary protein on cholesterol homeostasis. Rats were fed a non-purified or a purified diet containing either casein or soybean protein. The results obtained on the specific aspects of lipid metabolism were remarkably similar in control rats fed the non-purified (Purina Lab Chow) diet or the purified diet with the soybean protein. However, most of the findings obtained with the above two groups were different from those obtained with rats fed the purified diet containing casein. In the latter group, plasma cholesterol was elevated following a 15-day feeding period as compared to the other two dietary groups. The excess plasma cholesterol in the casein-fed group was found in two lipoprotein fractions with densities of 1.023-1.045 g/ml and 1.045-1.086 g/ml, respectively. The latter lipoprotein fraction was also enriched with apolipoprotein E. The casein-fed animals also showed a lower fractional rate of plasma cholesterol esterification and an abnormal accumulation of cholesterol in the body despite inhibition of cholesterol synthesis in the liver and in the intestines. Twelve to 15 days after the induction of diabetes, plasma cholesterol increased to a similar extent in the rats on all three diets. However, the distribution of cholesterol among the lipoprotein fractions was markedly different. The percentage of cholesterol in fractions of d less than 1.086 g/ml was increased while that carried in the fraction of d 1.086-1.161 g/ml decreased in the rats fed the nonpurified diet and the casein diet. In contrast, there was no change in the distribution of lipoprotein cholesterol between the diabetic and the control rats fed the soybean protein diet. The hepatic synthesis of cholesterol was unaltered in diabetic rats fed the nonpurified diet and the purified diet with soybean protein, but was increased 2.4-fold in diabetic rats fed casein. Intestinal cholesterol synthesis was increased in all three dietary groups. The increase was highest in the rats fed casein and lowest in rats fed soybean protein. The rate of sterol synthesis in the kidneys was not significantly affected by the diet or diabetes. In all three dietary groups diabetes led to an abnormal accumulation of cholesterol in the body. This accumulation was highest in the casein-fed rats and lowest in those fed the soybean protein diet. The cholesterol content of the kidneys was markedly increased by dietary casein.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)     

Epitopes that span the tau molecule are shared with paired helical filaments

Tau protein has been shown to be an integral component of Alzheimer paired helical filaments (PHF). However, the extent to which tau is incorporated into PHF has not been clear because the antibodies used to label PHF generally do not have precisely defined epitopes. Here we define the antigenic sites for five monoclonal antibodies that react with tau and cross-react with SDS-extracted neurofibrillary tangles. The reactive sites were determined by screening a lambda gt11 sublibrary expressing small fragments of the tau sequence. The mapped epitopes were found to span almost the entire length of tau, suggesting that PHF contains tau in its entirety or nearly in its entirety. One antibody was found to cross-react with microtubule-associated protein 2, implying some degree of homology between the two proteins.     

Synthesis and biological activity of novel C-terminal-extended and biotinylated growth hormone-releasing factor (GRF) analogs.

A series of novel hGRF(1-29)-NH2 analogs were synthesized and biotinylated. The immunological and biological activities of these analogs were then characterized. To distance the biotin moiety from the putative bioactive core, a C-terminal spacer arm consisting of -Gly-Gly-Cys-NH2 (-GGC) was added to hGRF(1-29)-NH2 (hGRF29) and analogs, with subsequent biotinylation performed at the cysteine residue. Neither addition of the C-terminal spacer arm nor biotinylation affected affinity of these analogs for GRF antibody. Relative to hGRF(1-44)-NH2 (hGRF44: potency = 1.0), the biotinylated analogs were equipotent in vitro to their nonbiotinylated, parent compounds: [desNH2Tyr1,D-Ala2,Ala15]hGRF29-GGC-(tpBiocyt in)-NH2 (4.7) = [Ala15]hGRF29-GGC-(tpBiocytin)-NH2 (3.9) greater than hGRF29-GGC-(tpBiocytin)-NH2 (0.8). Based upon cumulative GH release data in vivo (0-60 min postinjection), [desNH2Tyr1,D-Ala2,Ala15]hGRF29-GGC-(tpBiocyt in)-NH2, [Ala15]hGRF29-GGC-(tpBiocytin)-NH2, and hGRF29-GGC-(tpBiocytin)-NH2 displayed 8.6, 5.5, and 0.8 times, respectively, the potency of hGRF44. These in vivo potency values were not significantly different from the corresponding parent compounds (i.e., with or without the C-terminal spacer arm). In summary, biotinylated hGRF analogs have been developed that retain full immunoreactivity and potent bioactivity (in vitro and in vivo), thus permitting their use in GRF receptor isolation, ELISA, and histochemical procedures.     

Carrier detection and prenatal diagnosis of alpha-thalassemia of Southeast Asian deletion by polymerase chain reaction

Summary Alpha-thalassemia of Southeast Asian deletion (-- SEA/) is very common in Southeast Asia. Homozygosity of this genotype is the major cause of Hb Bart's hydrops fetalis in Taiwan. With polymerase chain reaction using three oligonucleotide primers bridging the common deletion breakpoint, a DNA fragment of 194 basepairs (bp) was amplified in chromosomes with the-- SEA determinant and a DNA fragment of 287 bp was amplified in chromosomes without this deletion. In our pilot study including 8 normal subjects, 20 obligate carriers, and 11 homozygotes of the deletion, all the genotypes were determined and then confirmed by Southern blotting and DNA hybridization with globin gene probe. For prenatal diagnosis, 55 at-risk pregnancies were collected. Chorionic villus sampling was done in 51 cases and early amniocentesis was done in 4 cases. Fourteen cases (25.5%) were diagnosed as normal, 25 (45.5%) as heterozygotes, and 16 (29%) as homozygotes of -- SEA. All of the diagnoses were also confirmed as aforementioned. With polymerase chain reaction, the determination of the -- SEA deletion is straightforward and is much quicker and easier than with conventional Southern blotting and DNA hybridization. In areas with a high prevalence of -- SEA deletion, this method provides a rapid tool for carrier detection and prenatal diagnosis.     

Genetic mapping of three human homologues of murine t-complex genes localizes TCP10 to 6q27, 15 cM distal to TCP1 and PLG

Human homologues of mouse t-complex genes have been cloned and localized physically to chromosome 6p or 6q. TCP1, TCP10, and PLG are human homologues of genes located in the proximal portion of the t-complex on mouse chromosome 17. We present here results of genetic mapping of these human t-complex homologues previously localized to 6q25-q27, 6q21-q27, and 6q26-q27, respectively, by physical techniques. TCP1 and PLG do not recombine with each other and are separated from TCP10 by about 15 cM, while the corresponding mouse genes are no more than 4 cM apart. Genetic mapping with markers well localized cytogenetically places TCP1 and PLG proximal to TCP10 and localizes the latter to the cytogenetic band 6q27. It is likely that the organization of human t-complex homologues on 6q is similar to that of t haplotypes rather than that of wildtype murine chromosome 17.     

A nonisotopic method for determination of the in vivo activities of tyrosine hydroxylase in the rat adrenal gland

A rapid and reliable method for determination of in vivo activities of tyrosine hydroxylase in the rat adrenal gland is presented. This method involves determining the rate of accumulation of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (Dopa) in the adrenal gland after decarboxylase inhibition by NSD 1015, using HPLC with electrochemical detection after purification of the acid-deproteinized tissue extract with Bio-Rex 70 columns followed by alumina batch method. Purification of the sample with alumina adsorption alone, a method usually used for purification of catecholamines and Dopa, was ineffective: epinephrine and norepinephrine, which are present in high concentrations, interfered with an accurate determination of Dopa, and dopamine, which is retained strongly on the reverse-phase column, interfered with a rapid analysis. Purification with Sephadex G-10 columns followed by alumina adsorption was also ineffective. After purification with columns of weak cation-exchange resins such as Bio-Rex 70 or Amberlite CG-50 followed by alumina adsorption, most of the epinephrine and norepinephrine was removed and dopamine was eliminated. Thus a rapid and accurate determination of Dopa could be made. Of the two cation exchangers, Bio-Rex 70 was more effective. Accumulation of Dopa in the adrenal gland was linear up to 30 min after administration of NSD 1015 and a plateau was reached with doses over 10 mg/kg. Using this method, we investigated the effects of immobilization stress, reserpine, and hypoxia on in vivo activities of tyrosine hydroxylase in the adrenal gland.     

Rabbit and rat hepatic lectins have two sugar-combining sites per monomeric unit

Binding characteristics of the galactose/N-acetylgalactosamine-specific, hepatic lectins of rabbit and rat were studied using small, high-affinity ligands containing two and three N-acetylgalactosamine residues per molecule [Lee, R. T. and Lee, Y. C. (1987) Glycoconjugate J. 4, 317-328]. These N-acetylgalactosamine cluster ligands have the receptor-ligand dissociation constants in nanomolar range, so that the lectin-ligand interaction can easily studied by an equilibrium (gel chromatography) or non-equilibrium (fast filtration assay) method. The results suggest that there exist on the average two N-acetylgalactosamine-combining sites per monomeric unit of both the rabbit and rat lectins.