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131.
Green fluorescent protein rendered susceptible to proteolysis: positions for protease-sensitive insertions 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Chiang CF Okou DT Griffin TB Verret CR Williams MN 《Archives of biochemistry and biophysics》2001,394(2):229-235
The green fluorescent protein (GFP) is highly resistant to proteolysis and remains uncleaved after prolonged incubation with trypsin or pronase despite several putative tryptic and chymotryptic sites in exposed loops. We have rendered GFP sensitive to proteolysis by inserting five amino acids, IEGRS, in loops at position 157, 172, or 189. Excitation and emission maxima of the three insertion mutants were similar to those of wild type, but quantum yields of mutants Omega172 and Omega189 were lower, indicating increased freedom of the fluorophore. Trypsin cleaved the native (folded) form of each mutant at a unique site defined by the insert. Pronase also yields similar digestion patterns in these variants, but further proteolysis was also observed, suggesting that the primary cleavage relaxes GFP structure and reveals previously inaccessible sites. Fluorescence of Omega189 changed little upon digestion with trypsin but decreased progressively by as much as 40% upon digestion with increasing amounts of pronase. Fluorescence of other variants was not affected significantly by the proteases, further confirming the remarkable stabilities of GFP variants. These constructs define a new conformation-sensitive site around residue 189 of GFP and show that GFP may be useful for design of protease-susceptible molecules for monitoring of specific proteolytic activities in vivo. 相似文献
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134.
Inhibition of large-conductance calcium-activated potassium channel by 2-methoxyestradiol in cultured vascular endothelial (HUV-EC-C) cells 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
2-Methoxyestradiol, an endogenous metabolite of 17β-estradiol, is known to have antitumor and antiangiogenic actions. The
effects of 2-methoxyestradiol on ionic currents were investigated in an endothelial cell line (HUV-EC-C) originally derived
from human umbilical vein. In the whole-cell patch-clamp configuration, 2-methoxyestradiol (0.3–30 μm) reversibly suppressed the amplitude of K+ outward currents. The IC
50 value of the 2-methoxyestradiol-induced decrease in outward current was 3 μm. Evans blue (30 μm) or niflumic acid (30 μm), but not diazoxide (30 μm), reversed the 2-methoxyestradiol-induced decrease in outward current. In the inside-out configuration, application of 2-methoxyestradiol
(3 μm) to the bath did not modify the single-channel conductance of large-conductance Ca2+-activated K+ (BKCa) channels; however, it did suppress the channel activity. 2-Methoxyestradiol (3 μm) produced a shift in the activation curve of BKCa channels to more positive potentials. Kinetic studies showed that the 2-methoxyestradiol-induced inhibition of BKCa channels is primarily mediated by a decrease in the number of long-lived openings. 2-Methoxyestradiol-induced inhibition
of the channel activity was potentiated by membrane stretch. In contrast, neither 17β-estradiol (10 μm) nor estriol (10 μm) affected BKCa channel activity, whereas 2-hydroxyestradiol (10 μm) slightly suppressed it. Under current-clamp condition, 2-methoxyestradiol (10 μm) caused membrane depolarization and Evans blue (30 μm) reversed 2-methoxyestradiol-induced depolarization. The present study provides evidence that 2-methoxyestradiol can suppress
the activity of BKCa channels in endothelial cells. These effects of 2-methoxyestradiol on ionic currents may contribute to its effects on functional
activity of endothelial cells.
Received: 27 November 2000/Revised: 13 April 2001 相似文献
135.
Evidence for inhibition of low density lipoprotein oxidation and cholesterol accumulation by apolipoprotein H (beta2-glycoprotein I) 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Low density lipoprotein (LDL) oxidation and lipid accumulation are thought to enhance the progression of atherosclerosis. Apolipoprotein H (apoH) has been implicated in the development of human atherosclerosis. However, the roles of apoH in the oxidative modification of LDL and cellular accumulation of lipid constituents remained uncharacterized. In this study, the level of plasma apoH was found to be significantly associated with the oxidative susceptibility of LDL in human subjects. Plasma levels of apoH were positively correlated with the lag time but negatively correlated with LDL oxidation rate in conjugated diene formation. By using a J774 A.1 macrophage culture system, we found that apoH could not only inhibit the formation of conjugated diene and thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances, but also reduce the electrophoretic mobility of oxidized LDL. Furthermore, apoH decreased cellular accumulation of cholesterol via a reduction in cholesterol influx and an increase in cholesterol efflux. This is the first demonstration that apoH appears to have "antioxidant"-like effects on LDL oxidation. The results also suggest that apoH can inhibit the translocation of cholesterol from extracellular pools to macrophages, suggesting that apoH may play an important role in the prevention of atherosclerosis. 相似文献
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137.
The purpose of this study was to examine the mitogenic effects of 20-hydroxyecdysone on neurogenesis in mushroom bodies of the adult cockroach, Diploptera punctata. The occurrence of neurogenesis was studied immunocytochemically after in vivo labeling with 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU). The number of BrdU-labeled cells in the mushroom bodies was high shortly after adult ecdysis, then gradually decreased, and proliferation ceased on day 8. 20-Hydroxyecdysone injection during the early adult stages significantly delayed the decrease in mitotic activity. Moreover, 20-hydroxyecdysone injection during the late stage stimulated quiescent mushroom body neuroblasts to initiate their mitotic activity in a dose-dependent manner. These results indicated that the mushroom body neuroblasts of this insect become quiescent in the maturing central nervous system, but retain the capacity for proliferation if exposed to appropriate environmental signals. We conclude that 20-hydroxyecdysone has a mitogenic effect on neurogenesis in mushroom bodies of this insect. 相似文献
138.
A new locus for autosomal dominant stargardt-like disease maps to chromosome 4 总被引:8,自引:0,他引:8
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Kniazeva M Chiang MF Morgan B Anduze AL Zack DJ Han M Zhang K 《American journal of human genetics》1999,64(5):1394-1399
Stargardt disease (STGD) is the most common hereditary macular dystrophy and is characterized by decreased central vision, atrophy of the macula and underlying retinal-pigment epithelium, and frequent presence of prominent flecks in the posterior pole of the retina. STGD is most commonly inherited as an autosomal recessive trait, but many families have been described in which features of the disease are transmitted in an autosomal dominant manner. A recessive locus has been identified on chromosome 1p (STGD1), and dominant loci have been mapped to both chromosome 13q (STGD2) and chromosome 6q (STGD3). In this study, we describe a kindred with an autosomal dominant Stargardt-like phenotype. A genomewide search demonstrated linkage to a locus on chromosome 4p, with a maximum LOD score of 5.12 at a recombination fraction of.00, for marker D4S403. Analysis of extended haplotypes localized the disease gene to an approximately 12-cM interval between loci D4S1582 and D4S2397. Therefore, this kindred establishes a new dominant Stargardt-like locus, STGD4. 相似文献
139.
Multiple activation steps of the N-formyl peptide receptor 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Prossnitz ER Gilbert TL Chiang S Campbell JJ Qin S Newman W Sklar LA Ye RD 《Biochemistry》1999,38(8):2240-2247
The human N-formyl peptide receptor (FPR) is representative of a growing family of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR) that respond to chemokines and chemoattractants. Despite the importance of this receptor class to immune function, relatively little is known about the molecular mechanisms involved in their activation. To reveal steps required for the activation of GPCR receptors, we utilized mutants of the FPR which have previously been shown to be incapable of binding and activating G proteins. For this study, the FPR mutants were expressed in human myeloid U937 cells and characterized for functions in addition to G protein coupling, such as receptor phosphorylation and ligand-induced receptor internalization. The results demonstrated that one of the mutants, R123G, though being unable to activate G protein, was capable of undergoing ligand-induced phosphorylation as well as internalization. Receptor internalization was monitored by following the fate of the ligand as well as by directly monitoring the fate of the receptor. The results with the R123G mutant were in contrast to those obtained for mutants D71A and R309G/E310A/R311G which, though being expressed at the cell surface and binding ligand, were incapable of being phosphorylated or internalized upon agonist stimulation. These results suggest that following ligand binding at least two "steps" are required for full activation of the wild-type FPR. That these observations may be of more general importance in GPCR-mediated signaling is suggested by the highly conserved nature of the mutants studied: D71, R123, and the site represented by amino acids 309-311 are very highly conserved throughout the entire superfamily of G protein-coupled receptors. Models of receptor activation based on the observed results are discussed. 相似文献
140.
Overexpression of selenocysteine methyltransferase in Arabidopsis and Indian mustard increases selenium tolerance and accumulation 总被引:11,自引:0,他引:11
LeDuc DL Tarun AS Montes-Bayon M Meija J Malit MF Wu CP AbdelSamie M Chiang CY Tagmount A deSouza M Neuhierl B Böck A Caruso J Terry N 《Plant physiology》2004,135(1):377-383
A major goal of phytoremediation is to transform fast-growing plants with genes from plant species that hyperaccumulate toxic trace elements. We overexpressed the gene encoding selenocysteine methyltransferase (SMT) from the selenium (Se) hyperaccumulator Astragalus bisulcatus in Arabidopsis and Indian mustard (Brassica juncea). SMT detoxifies selenocysteine by methylating it to methylselenocysteine, a nonprotein amino acid, thereby diminishing the toxic misincorporation of Se into protein. Our Indian mustard transgenic plants accumulated more Se in the form of methylselenocysteine than the wild type. SMT transgenic seedlings tolerated Se, particularly selenite, significantly better than the wild type, producing 3- to 7-fold greater biomass and 3-fold longer root lengths. Moreover, SMT plants had significantly increased Se accumulation and volatilization. This is the first study, to our knowledge, in which a fast-growing plant was genetically engineered to overexpress a gene from a hyperaccumulator in order to increase phytoremediation potential. 相似文献