全文获取类型
收费全文 | 2622篇 |
免费 | 311篇 |
国内免费 | 1篇 |
专业分类
2934篇 |
出版年
2023年 | 5篇 |
2022年 | 19篇 |
2021年 | 41篇 |
2020年 | 21篇 |
2019年 | 32篇 |
2018年 | 27篇 |
2017年 | 31篇 |
2016年 | 70篇 |
2015年 | 108篇 |
2014年 | 97篇 |
2013年 | 125篇 |
2012年 | 207篇 |
2011年 | 196篇 |
2010年 | 124篇 |
2009年 | 86篇 |
2008年 | 192篇 |
2007年 | 179篇 |
2006年 | 179篇 |
2005年 | 164篇 |
2004年 | 152篇 |
2003年 | 146篇 |
2002年 | 178篇 |
2001年 | 52篇 |
2000年 | 41篇 |
1999年 | 46篇 |
1998年 | 55篇 |
1997年 | 22篇 |
1996年 | 24篇 |
1995年 | 25篇 |
1994年 | 26篇 |
1993年 | 16篇 |
1992年 | 31篇 |
1991年 | 22篇 |
1990年 | 16篇 |
1989年 | 14篇 |
1988年 | 14篇 |
1987年 | 13篇 |
1986年 | 12篇 |
1985年 | 10篇 |
1984年 | 10篇 |
1983年 | 8篇 |
1982年 | 12篇 |
1981年 | 13篇 |
1980年 | 16篇 |
1979年 | 10篇 |
1978年 | 5篇 |
1977年 | 7篇 |
1976年 | 5篇 |
1975年 | 6篇 |
1973年 | 5篇 |
排序方式: 共有2934条查询结果,搜索用时 9 毫秒
51.
Cheryl L. Peterson Gregory S. Kaufmann Christopher Vandello Matthew L. Richardson 《PloS one》2013,8(4)
Species previously unknown to science are continually discovered and some of these species already face extinction at the time of their discovery. Conserving new and rare species in these cases becomes a trial-and-error process and conservationists will attempt to manage them by using knowledge of closely related species, or those that fill the same ecological niche, and then adapting the management program as needed. Savannas Mint (Dicerandra immaculata Lakela var. savannarum Huck) is a perennial plant that was discovered in Florida scrub habitat at two locations in 1995, but is nearly extinct at these locations. We tested whether shade, leaf litter, propagation method, parent genotype, parent collection site, planting date, and absorbent granules influenced survival, reproduction, and recruitment of Savannas Mint in a population of 1,614 plants that we introduced between June 2006 and July 2009 into a state protected site. Survival and reproduction of introduced plants, and recruitment of new plants, was higher in microhabitats in full sun and no leaf litter and lower in partially shaded habitats. The two sites from which parent plants were collected differentially influenced survival and reproduction of introduced plants. These differences in survival and reproduction are likely due to underlying genetic differences. Differential survival of progeny from different parent genotypes further supports the idea that underlying genetics is an important consideration when restoring plant populations. The most successful progeny of parent genotypes had survival rates nearly 12 times higher than the least successful progeny. We speculate that many of these environmental and genetic factors are likely to influence allopatric congeners and other critically endangered gap specialists that grow in Florida scrub and our results can be used to guide their conservation. 相似文献
52.
53.
Catherine McLaughlin Marilyn L. Bowman Cheryl L. Bradley 《Chronobiology international》2013,30(2-3):455-470
Seasonal effects on shift‐work tolerance were assessed using the Standardized Shiftwork Index and the 21‐item Hamilton Depression Scale. Participants (N=88) mainly worked a two‐day, two‐night, four‐off rotation with 12 h shifts changing at 06∶00 and 18∶00 h in Vancouver, Canada. At this latitude (~49° N), daylength varies seasonally from ~16 to ~8 h, and both daily commutes occur in the dark in mid‐winter and in sunlight in mid‐summer. Questionnaires were completed twice, near the summer and winter solstices (order counterbalanced). Outcome variables were mood, general psychological health, sleep quality, chronic fatigue, physical health, job satisfaction, and social and domestic disruption. Of these, general psychological health and mood were significantly worse in winter, while sleep was more disturbed in summer. In winter, 31% exceeded the cutoff for psychological distress, and >70% scored in the higher than normal range for depressive symptoms. In summer, the proportions dropped to 19% and 53%, respectively. Measures of physical health and psychosocial well‐being showed no seasonal effects. Relationships among explanatory and outcome variables, assessed by linear regression and canonical correlations, were also stable across season. Neuroticism was the strongest predictor of tolerance to shift work. Age was predictive only of sleep disturbance in both summer and winter. These results indicate that time of year can affect important outcome measures in shift‐work assessment and intervention studies. The high average scores on measures of psychological distress and depression in winter suggest that at northern latitudes, some shift schedules may increase the risk of seasonal‐type depression. 相似文献
54.
Chidananda Sulli Soma S. R. Banik Justin Schilling Allan Moser Xiaoxiao Xiang Riley Payne Antony Wanless Sharon H. Willis Cheryl Paes Joseph B. Rucker Benjamin J. Doranz 《Journal of virology》2013,87(19):10679-10686
The influenza virus M2 protein is a well-validated yet underexploited proton-selective ion channel essential for influenza virus infectivity. Because M2 is a toxic viral ion channel, existing M2 inhibitors have been discovered through live virus inhibition or medicinal chemistry rather than M2-targeted high-throughput screening (HTS), and direct measurement of its activity has been limited to live cells or reconstituted lipid bilayers. Here, we describe a cell-free ion channel assay in which M2 ion channels are incorporated into virus-like particles (VLPs) and proton conductance is measured directly across the viral lipid bilayer, detecting changes in membrane potential, ion permeability, and ion channel function. Using this approach in high-throughput screening of over 100,000 compounds, we identified 19 M2-specific inhibitors, including two novel chemical scaffolds that inhibit both M2 function and influenza virus infectivity. Counterscreening for nonspecific disruption of viral bilayer ion permeability also identified a broad-spectrum antiviral compound that acts by disrupting the integrity of the viral membrane. In addition to its application to M2 and potentially other ion channels, this technology enables direct measurement of the electrochemical and biophysical characteristics of viral membranes. 相似文献
55.
Stephen L. Pinkosky Sergey Filippov Rai Ajit K. Srivastava Jeffrey C. Hanselman Cheryl D. Bradshaw Timothy R. Hurley Clay T. Cramer Mark A. Spahr Ashley F. Brant Jacob L. Houghton Chris Baker Mark Naples Khosrow Adeli Roger S. Newton 《Journal of lipid research》2013,54(1):134-151
ETC-1002 (8-hydroxy-2,2,14,14-tetramethylpentadecanedioic acid) is a novel investigational drug being developed for the treatment of dyslipidemia and other cardio-metabolic risk factors. The hypolipidemic, anti-atherosclerotic, anti-obesity, and glucose-lowering properties of ETC-1002, characterized in preclinical disease models, are believed to be due to dual inhibition of sterol and fatty acid synthesis and enhanced mitochondrial long-chain fatty acid β-oxidation. However, the molecular mechanism(s) mediating these activities remained undefined. Studies described here show that ETC-1002 free acid activates AMP-activated protein kinase in a Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent kinase β-independent and liver kinase β 1-dependent manner, without detectable changes in adenylate energy charge. Furthermore, ETC-1002 is shown to rapidly form a CoA thioester in liver, which directly inhibits ATP-citrate lyase. These distinct molecular mechanisms are complementary in their beneficial effects on lipid and carbohydrate metabolism in vitro and in vivo. Consistent with these mechanisms, ETC-1002 treatment reduced circulating proatherogenic lipoproteins, hepatic lipids, and body weight in a hamster model of hyperlipidemia, and it reduced body weight and improved glycemic control in a mouse model of diet-induced obesity. ETC-1002 offers promise as a novel therapeutic approach to improve multiple risk factors associated with metabolic syndrome and benefit patients with cardiovascular disease. 相似文献
56.
Spider silk genes are composed mostly of repetitive sequence that is flanked by non-repetitive terminal regions. Inferences about the evolutionary processes that influenced silk genes have largely been made from analyses using distantly related taxa and ancient silk gene duplicates. These studies have relied on comparisons across the conserved non-repetitive terminal regions to determine orthologous and paralogous relationships, as well as the influence of selection on silk genes. While the repetitive region heavily influences silk fiber mechanical properties, few molecular evolutionary analyses have been conducted on this region due to difficulty in determining homology. Here, we sample internal repetitive and carboxy terminal regions from all extant species of the trapdoor spider genus, Aliatypus. Aliatypus spiders are highly dispersal limited and rely on their silk lined burrow for protection. We determine positional homology across species for the carboxy terminal regions and relative positional homology for the internal repetitive regions. Gene trees based on each of these regions are in good agreement with the Aliatypus species tree, which indicates we sampled single spidroin orthologs in each species. In addition, we find that purifying selection and concerted evolution have acted to conserve Aliatypus spidroin internal repetitive regions. In contrast, selection testing identifies evidence of sites that evolved under positive selection and amino acid replacements that result in radical physicochemical changes in the carboxy terminal region. These findings indicate that comparison of spidroin orthologs across a comprehensive sample of congenerics reveal molecular evolutionary patterns obscured from studies using higher-level sampling of silk encoding genes. 相似文献
57.
Philip J. Robinson Cheryl A. Woolhead 《Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)/Molecular Cell Research》2013,1833(12):2781-2788
Membrane protein insertion is controlled by proteinaceous factors embedded in the lipid bilayer. Bacterial inner membrane proteins utilise the Sec translocon as the major facilitator of insertion; however some proteins are Sec independent and instead require only YidC. A common feature of YidC substrates is the exposure of a signal anchor sequence when translation is close to completion; this allows minimal time for targeting and favours a post-translational insertion mechanism. Despite this there is little evidence of YidC's post-translational activity. Here we develop an experimental system that uncouples translation and insertion of the endogenous YidC substrate F0c (subunit c of the F0F1 ATP synthase). In this process we (i) develop a novel one step purification method for YidC, including an on column membrane reconstitution, (ii) isolate a soluble form of F0c and (iii) show that incubation of F0c with YidC proteoliposomes results in a high level of membrane integration. Conformational analyses of inserted F0c through Blue Native PAGE and fluorescence quenching reveal a native, oligomerised structure. These data show that YidC can act as a post-translational insertase, a finding which could explain the absence of a ribosome binding domain on YidC. This correlates with the post-translational activity of other YidC family members lacking the ribosome binding domain. 相似文献
58.
59.
60.