Zebrafish Mib and Mib2 are mutual E3 ubiquitin ligases with common and specific delta substrates

It was already known that both mind bomb (mib) and mind bomb-2 (mib2) encode E3 ubiquitin ligases that target Delta in Notch activation. Here we further demonstrated that zebrafish Mib and Mib2, similar to their mouse orthologs, have a C-terminal-most RING finger-dependent E3 ubiquitin ligase activity. Mib and Mib2 are reciprocal E3 ubiquitin ligases and substrates. They function similarly in Notch signaling by using DeltaC as a common substrate. However, Mib2 behaves differently from Mib in DeltaD internalization. In addition, Mib and Mib2 bind differently to extracellular and intracellular parts of DeltaA and DeltaC. Finally, mutant Mibs, Mib(ta52b) with a missense mutation in the C-terminal-most RING finger (M1013R) and Mib(m132) with a premature stop codon that leads to a deletion of three RING fingers (C785stop), act dominant-negatively and compete with Mib2 in DeltaC ubiquitylation and internalization, suggesting a molecular basis for the antimorphic phenotypes (stronger than the null phenotypes) observed in zebrafish mib(ta52b) and mib(m132) alleles.     

The characterization of zebrafish antimorphic mib alleles reveals that Mib and Mind bomb-2 (Mib2) function redundantly

Both mind bomb (mib) and mind bomb-2 (mib2) encode RING E3 ubiquitin ligases that promote Delta ubiquitylation and endocytosis in Notch activation. Detailed morphological and molecular examinations revealed that zebrafish mib(ta52b) (missense mutation in the C-terminal RING Finger (RF), M1013R) and mib(m132) (nonsense mutation resulting in a truncated protein that loses all three RFs, C785stop) are strong and weak antimorphic alleles, respectively, compared to the null allele, mib(tfi91) (nonsense mutation resulting in a truncated protein of only 60 amino acids, Y60stop). Zebrafish mib2 ortholog was identified in this study. Zebrafish Mib and Mib2 are colocalized in transfected cells and function redundantly in regulating Notch signaling in embryos. Mib(ta52b) and Mib(m132) have a dosage-dependent dominant-negative effect, at least, on Mib2, which is a molecular basis for the antimorphic phenotypes. It was also shown that Notch signaling negatively regulates mib expression in a Su(H)-dependent manner, forming a negative feedback loop in modulating Notch activation.     

Changes in the soil microbial community are associated with the occurrence of Panax quinquefolius L. root rot diseases

Plant and Soil - To investigate the physiological responses of groundnut (Arachis hypogea) and pearl millet (Penisetum glaucum) that were intercropped with the native evergreen woody shrubs...     

The Relationship between Species Richness and Evenness in Plant Communities along a Successional Gradient: A Study from Sub-Alpine Meadows of the Eastern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau,China

The relationship between species richness and evenness across communities remains an unsettled issue in ecology from both theoretical and empirical perspectives. As a result, we do not know the mechanisms that could generate a relationship between species richness and evenness, and how this responds to spatial scale. Here we examine the relationship between species richness(S) and evenness (Pielou’s J′ evenness) using a chronosequence of successional sub-alpine meadow communities in the eastern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. These meadows range from natural community (never farmed), to those that have been protected from agricultural exploitation for periods ranging from 1 to 10 years. A total of 30 sampling quadrats with size of 0.5 m×0.5 m were laid out along two transects at each meadow. Using correlation analyses we found a consistent negative correlation between S and J′ in these communities along the successional gradient at the sampling scale of 0.5 m×0.5 m. We also explored the relationship between S and J′ at different sampling scales (from 0.5 m×0.5 m to10 m×10 m) using properly measured ramet-mapped data of a10 m×10 m quadrat in the natural community. We found that S was negatively corrected with J′ at the scales of 0.5 m×0.5 m to 2 m×2 m, but such a relationships disappeared at relative larger scales (≥2 m×4 m). When fitting different species abundance models combined with trait-specific methods, we found that niche preemption may be the determining mechanism of species evenness along the succession gradient. Considering all results together, we can conclude that such niche differentiation and spatial scale effects may help to explain the maintenance of high species richness in sub-alpine meadow communities.     

银杏组织培养研究Ⅰ．不同培养条件对银杏愈伤组织形成的影响

取银杏树干上萌生的幼嫩枝条的基尖、茎段和叶片分别接种到高生长素含量的ＭＳ培养基上,愈伤组织诱导频率可高达９０％。在低生长素浓度下,诱导频率较低,但能促进茎外植体顶芽和侧芽的生长。以银杏幼茎、幼叶作外植体,形成的愈伤组织形态结构不同：幼基愈伤组织较疏松,呈粒状,色浅黄,生长迅速;幼叶愈伤组织较致密,平滑,色黄绿,生长稍慢。叶片的放置方式很重要：下表皮接触培养基时,愈伤组织只从上表皮发生,而反向放置,上下表皮都不形成愈伤组织。     

生物间非传递性竞争研究进展

生物间的竞争关系是决定群落中物种共存和生物多样性的关键因素。传统研究主要关注物种两两之间的竞争作用, 而对多物种相互竞争形成的网络研究相对较少。近年来, 类似于“石头-剪刀-布”游戏的非传递性竞争被认为是一种重要的物种共存和生物多样性的维持机制, 越来越受到生态学家们的关注。本文首先回顾了非传递性竞争定义的发展过程, 并介绍了非传递环的不同结构。其次介绍了基于竞争结局矩阵以及入侵增长率的非传递性竞争度量指标, 并对比不同指标的特点与适用情形。随后通过多个研究实例介绍了非传递性竞争在自然群落中的普遍性, 并指明物种之间的权衡是非传递性竞争产生的生物学机制。最后介绍了非传递性竞争对生物多样性与生态系统功能的影响。非传递性竞争本质上是物种两两之间相互作用的组合, 是只包含单一作用类型的特殊网络结构。因此, 非传递性竞争如何影响生物多样性-生态系统功能关系和群落稳定性, 如何受到环境与高阶相互作用的影响, 以及如何将竞争网络拓展到包含不同相互作用类型的生态网络, 将是未来非传递性竞争研究的重要方向。对非传递性竞争的研究有助于整合生物间的各种相互作用, 构建更加现实合理的生态网络, 并加深对物种共存和生物多样性维持机制的认识, 进而有助于指导生物多样性的保护和恢复工作。