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991.
Jukka Kekäläinen Geir Rudolfsen Matti Janhunen Lars Figenschou Nina Peuhkuri Niina Tamper Raine Kortet 《BMC evolutionary biology》2010,10(1):20
Background
The adaptive significance of female polyandry is currently under considerable debate. In non-resource based mating systems, indirect, i.e. genetic benefits have been proposed to be responsible for the fitness gain from polyandry. We studied the benefits of polyandry in the Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus) using an experimental design in which the material investments by the sires and maternal environmental effects were controlled. 相似文献992.
Wang R Hanna MA Zhou WW Bhadury PS Chen Q Song BA Yang S 《Bioresource technology》2011,102(2):1194-1199
A comparative study on the composition, biodiesel production and fuel properties of non-edible oils from Euphorbia lathyris L. (EL), Sapium sebiferum L. (SS), and Jatropha curcas L. (JC) was conducted. Under optimal conditions, the FAME content and yield of the three oils were greater than 97.5 wt.% and 84.0%, respectively. The best biodiesel was produced from EL due to its high monounsaturation (82.66 wt.%, Cn: 1), low polyunsaturation (6.49 wt.%, Cn: 2, 3) and appropriate proportion of saturated components (8.78 wt.%, Cn: 0). Namely, EL biodiesel possessed a cetane number of 59.6, an oxidation stability of 10.4 h and a cold filter plug point of -11 °C. However, the cetane number (40.2) and oxidative stability (0.8 h) of dewaxed SS kernel oil (DSSK) biodiesel were low due to the high polyunsaturation (72.79 wt.%). In general, the results suggest that E. lathyris L. is a promising species for biodiesel feedstock. 相似文献
993.
Swagata Ghatak Dorit Trudler Nima Dolatabadi Rajesh Ambasudhan 《Journal of genetics》2018,97(3):729-751
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a debilitating neurodegenerative disorder, for which people above the age of 60 show an increased risk. Although there has been great advancement in understanding the disease-related abnormalities in brain circuitry and development of symptomatic treatments, a cure for PD remains elusive. The discovery of PD associated gene mutations and environmental toxins have yielded animal models of the disease. These models could recapitulate several key aspects of PD, and provide more insights into the disease pathogenesis. They have also revealed novel aspects of the disease mechanism including noncell autonomous events and spreading of pathogenic protein species across the brain. Nevertheless, none of these models so far can comprehensively represent all aspects of the human disease. While the field is still searching for the perfect model system, recent developments in stem cell biology have provided a new dimension to modelling PD, especially doing it in a patient-specific manner. In the current review, we attempt to summarize the key findings in the areas discussed above, and highlight how the core PD pathology distinguishes itself from other neurodegenerative disorders while also resembling them in many aspects. 相似文献
994.
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996.
Jang IC Oh SJ Seo JS Choi WB Song SI Kim CH Kim YS Seo HS Choi YD Nahm BH Kim JK 《Plant physiology》2003,131(2):516-524
Trehalose plays an important role in stress tolerance in plants. Trehalose-producing, transgenic rice (Oryza sativa) plants were generated by the introduction of a gene encoding a bifunctional fusion (TPSP) of the trehalose-6-phosphate (T-6-P) synthase (TPS) and T-6-P phosphatase (TPP) of Escherichia coli, under the control of the maize (Zea mays) ubiquitin promoter (Ubi1). The high catalytic efficiency (Seo et al., 2000) of the fusion enzyme and the single-gene engineering strategy make this an attractive candidate for high-level production of trehalose; it has the added advantage of reducing the accumulation of potentially deleterious T-6-P. The trehalose levels in leaf and seed extracts from Ubi1::TPSP plants were increased up to 1.076 mg g fresh weight(-1). This level was 200-fold higher than that of transgenic tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) plants transformed independently with either TPS or TPP expression cassettes. The carbohydrate profiles were significantly altered in the seeds, but not in the leaves, of Ubi1::TPSP plants. It has been reported that transgenic plants with E. coli TPS and/or TPP were severely stunted and root morphology was altered. Interestingly, our Ubi1::TPSP plants showed no growth inhibition or visible phenotypic alterations despite the high-level production of trehalose. Moreover, trehalose accumulation in Ubi1::TPSP plants resulted in increased tolerance to drought, salt, and cold, as shown by chlorophyll fluorescence and growth inhibition analyses. Thus, our results suggest that trehalose acts as a global protectant against abiotic stress, and that rice is more tolerant to trehalose synthesis than dicots. 相似文献
997.
This paper presents a general, process-based mass balance model (CoastMab) for total phosphorus (TP) in defined coastal areas
(at the ecosystem scale). The model is based on ordinary differential equations and calculates inflow, outflow and internal
fluxes on a monthly basis. It consists of four compartments: surface water, deep water, erosion/transportation areas for fine
sediments and accumulation areas for fine sediments. The separation between surface water and deep water is not done based
on water temperature, but on sedimentological criteria instead (from the theoretical wave base). There are algorithms for
all major internal TP fluxes (sedimentation, resuspension, diffusion, mixing and burial). Validations were performed using
data from 21 different Baltic coastal areas. The results show that the model predicts monthly TP in water and chlorophyll a very well (generally within the uncertainty bands of the empirical data). The model has also been put through sensitivity
tests, which show that the most important factor regulating the predictions of the model is generally the TP concentration
in the sea beyond the coast. The model is simple to apply, since all driving variables may be accessed from maps or monitoring
programs. The driving variables include coastal area, section area (between the defined coastal area and the adjacent sea),
mean and maximum depths, latitude (used to predict water temperatures, stratification and mixing), salinity and TP concentration
in the sea. Many of the model structures are general and could be used for areas other than those included in this study,
e.g., for open coasts, estuaries or tidal coasts, as well as for other substances than phosphorus. 相似文献
998.
van Leeuwen BN van der Wulp AM Duijnstee I van Maris AJ Straathof AJ 《Applied microbiology and biotechnology》2012,93(4):1377-1387
Isobutene (2-methylpropene) is one of those chemicals for which bio-based production might replace the petrochemical production
in the future. Currently, more than 10 million metric tons of isobutene are produced on a yearly basis. Even though bio-based
production might also be achieved through chemocatalytic or thermochemical methods, this review focuses on fermentative routes
from sugars. Although biological isobutene formation is known since the 1970s, extensive metabolic engineering is required
to achieve economically viable yields and productivities. Two recent metabolic engineering developments may enable anaerobic
production close to the theoretical stoichiometry of 1isobutene + 2CO2 + 2H2O per mol of glucose. One relies on the conversion of 3-hydroxyisovalerate to isobutene as a side activity of mevalonate diphosphate
decarboxylase and the other on isobutanol dehydration as a side activity of engineered oleate hydratase. The latter resembles
the fermentative production of isobutanol followed by isobutanol recovery and chemocatalytic dehydration. The advantage of
a completely biological route is that not isobutanol, but instead gaseous isobutene is recovered from the fermenter together
with CO2. The low aqueous solubility of isobutene might also minimize product toxicity to the microorganisms. Although developments
are at their infancy, the potential of a large scale fermentative isobutene production process is assessed. The production
costs estimate is 0.9 € kg−1, which is reasonably competitive. About 70% of the production costs will be due to the costs of lignocellulose hydrolysate,
which seems to be a preferred feedstock. 相似文献
999.
Mi Li Lianqing Liu Xiubin Xiao Ning Xi Yuechao Wang 《Journal of biological physics》2016,42(4):551-569
Methotrexate is a commonly used anti-cancer chemotherapy drug. Cellular mechanical properties are fundamental parameters that reflect the physiological state of a cell. However, so far the role of cellular mechanical properties in the actions of methotrexate is still unclear. In recent years, probing the behaviors of single cells with the use of atomic force microscopy (AFM) has contributed much to the field of cell biomechanics. In this work, with the use of AFM, the effects of methotrexate on the viscoelastic properties of four types of cells were quantitatively investigated. The inhibitory and cytotoxic effects of methotrexate on the proliferation of cells were observed by optical and fluorescence microscopy. AFM indenting was used to measure the changes of cellular viscoelastic properties (Young’s modulus and relaxation time) by using both conical tip and spherical tip, quantitatively showing that the stimulation of methotrexate resulted in a significant decrease of both cellular Young’s modulus and relaxation times. The morphological changes of cells induced by methotrexate were visualized by AFM imaging. The study improves our understanding of methotrexate action and offers a novel way to quantify drug actions at the single-cell level by measuring cellular viscoelastic properties, which may have potential impacts on developing label-free methods for drug evaluation. 相似文献
1000.