Exercise increases the release of NAMPT in extracellular vesicles and alters NAD + activity in recipient cells

Aging is associated with a loss of metabolic homeostasis, with cofactors such as nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD⁺) declining over time. The decrease in NAD⁺ production has been linked to the age‐related loss of circulating extracellular nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (eNAMPT), the rate‐limiting enzyme in the NAD⁺ biosynthetic pathway. eNAMPT is found almost exclusively in extracellular vesicles (EVs), providing a mechanism for the distribution of the enzyme in different tissues. Currently, the physiological cause for the release of eNAMPT is unknown, and how it may be affected by age and physical exercise. Here, we show that release of small EVs into the bloodstream is stimulated following moderate intensity exercise in humans. Exercise also increased the eNAMPT content in EVs, most prominently in young individuals with higher aerobic fitness. Both mature fit and young unfit individuals exhibited a limited increase in EV‐eNAMPT release following exercise, indicating that this mechanism is related to both the age and physical fitness of a person. Notably, unfit mature individuals were unable to increase the release of eNAMPT in EVs after exercise, suggesting that lower fitness levels and aging attenuate this important signalling mechanism in the body. EVs isolated from exercising humans containing eNAMPT were able to alter the abundance of NAD⁺ and SIRT1 activity in recipient cells compared to pre‐exercise EVs, indicating a pathway for inter‐tissue signalling promoted through exercise. Our results suggest a mechanism to limit age‐related NAD⁺ decline, through the systemic delivery of eNAMPT via EVs released during exercise.     

流行性出血热地鼠肾细胞灭活疫苗人体试用细胞免疫反应观察

观察了20位志愿者在接种试验性流行性出血热(EHF)地鼠肾细胞(GHKC)双价灭活疫苗后的细胞免疫反应,并以其体液免疫反应作对照观察。用淋巴细胞转化试验测定细胞免疫水平。结果首针疫苗接种后42天和56天,特异性刺激指数(SSI)和非特异性刺激指数(NSI)均较免疫前显著增高(P_(SSI)<0.001;P_(NSI)<0.02),免疫后SSI累计阳转率为100％,NSI累计阳转率为60％,免疫后6个月二者均降低至正常水平。免疫后56天测定抗体,荧光抗体阳转率为100％;微量感染性中和试验表明,针对家鼠型病毒L99株中和抗体阳转率为95％,而针对野鼠型病毒JR株阳转率为65％。     

脂肪酶在微乳液和微乳液凝胶中催化辛酸辛醇的酯化反应

脂肪酶在合成反应中具有很高的区域选择性和立体选择性 ,已广泛用于食品工业和药物工业[1,2 ] ,在有机介质中的脂肪酶催化反应已有较多研究[3 ,4 ] 。微乳液一般由表面活性剂、助表面活性剂、油和水等组份组成 ,它是一种热力学稳定、光学透明、宏观均匀而微观不均匀的体系 ,能提供酶催化所需要的巨大油 /水界面[5] 。而将脂肪酶增溶于油包水(Ｗ /Ｏ)微乳液中的纳米级“水池”中 ,可使酶以分子水平分散[6] ,图 1(ａ) ,从而可用来模拟细胞微环境中的反应。油包水微乳液中的酶可通过加入明胶而制成固定化酶 ,含明胶的微乳液凝胶 (ＭＢＧｓ)最早…     

Classification of motor imagery tasks for BCI with multiresolution analysis and multiobjective feature selection

Background

Brain-computer interfacing (BCI) applications based on the classification of electroencephalographic (EEG) signals require solving high-dimensional pattern classification problems with such a relatively small number of training patterns that curse of dimensionality problems usually arise. Multiresolution analysis (MRA) has useful properties for signal analysis in both temporal and spectral analysis, and has been broadly used in the BCI field. However, MRA usually increases the dimensionality of the input data. Therefore, some approaches to feature selection or feature dimensionality reduction should be considered for improving the performance of the MRA based BCI.

Methods

This paper investigates feature selection in the MRA-based frameworks for BCI. Several wrapper approaches to evolutionary multiobjective feature selection are proposed with different structures of classifiers. They are evaluated by comparing with baseline methods using sparse representation of features or without feature selection.

Results and conclusion

The statistical analysis, by applying the Kolmogorov-Smirnoff and Kruskal–Wallis tests to the means of the Kappa values evaluated by using the test patterns in each approach, has demonstrated some advantages of the proposed approaches. In comparison with the baseline MRA approach used in previous studies, the proposed evolutionary multiobjective feature selection approaches provide similar or even better classification performances, with significant reduction in the number of features that need to be computed.

     

α-肿瘤坏死因子的肿瘤靶向性改造

α-肿瘤坏死因子(tumor necrosis factor-α,TNF-α)是一种多效性的细胞因子,能高效地杀伤或抑制肿瘤细胞。但是由于其对全身有毒副作用,这使T N F-α的应用受到了限制。提高T N F-α的抗肿瘤活性,降低毒副作用以及开发具有肿瘤靶向性的融合蛋白是将其应用于临床的关键。     

滞育和非滞育棉铃虫前胸腺的形态解剖学比较研究

该文用解剖镜和电子显微镜对滞育和非滞育棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera前胸腺的形态解剖结构进行了比较研究。结果发现滞育棉铃虫的前胸腺细胞及其细胞间隙相对较小,不易着色,细胞核规则,较小,细胞质中几乎见不到光滑内质网和粗面内质网,线粒体极少,这些观察到的现象充分说明滞育棉铃虫的前胸腺活性较低。     

日本血吸虫中国株次黄嘌呤鸟嘌呤磷酸核糖转移酶的克隆、表达及其免疫保护性研究

根据基因库中日本血吸虫次黄嘌呤鸟嘌呤磷酸核糖转移酶 (HGPRT) EST (BU803192) 以及日本血吸虫成虫cDNA文库载体λgt11多克隆位点邻近核苷酸序列设计引物,以日本血吸虫成虫cDNA文库为模板,采用锚式PCR对SjHGPRT基因不完整的3′端和5′端进行扩增、测序,用电子软件拼接,获得SjHGPRT全长cDNA (1 270 bp),经序列分析,推断该片段含有编码SjHGPRT基因的完整阅读框,其编码基因与曼氏血吸虫次黄嘌呤鸟嘌呤磷酸核糖转移酶 (SmHGPRT) 全长编码基因碱基一致性为82%,其理论推导的氨基酸组成与曼氏血吸虫次黄嘌呤鸟嘌呤磷酸核糖转移酶的一致性约为83%. 将其编码基因克隆到表达载体pQE30上,在大肠杆菌M15中获得准确、高效表达,表达产物分子质量约为28 ku. 用日本血吸虫成虫抗原免疫血清对表达产物进行蛋白质印迹检测,在预测位置上出现明显的识别条带. 重组蛋白动物免疫保护性结果显示：在虫荷、每克肝卵、每克粪卵和雌子宫内卵数方面,疫苗组与对照组比较差异均具有显著性 (P < 0.05,P < 0.01). 结果表明,日本血吸虫次黄嘌呤鸟嘌呤磷酸核糖转移酶 (SjHGPRT) 全长cDNA成功克隆并在大肠菌中得到表达,表达产物具有良好的抗原性和动物免疫保护效果,是一种潜在的具有部分免疫保护性的抗血吸虫病疫苗候选分子.     

皖西霍山县白马尖植物区系和植被

本文论述了北亚热带典型地段——大别山主峰白马尖的植被和植物区系的特点,提出白马尖地区是一“生物避难所”。与纬度相近地区的比较研究,结果表明,海拔1000米以上的山地,植被类型和植物区系成份与皖南黄山、浙北天目山较一致,而低海拔地区与江苏的宜溧山区相似,特别是常绿阔叶树的属、种极为一致。值得指出的是耐寒常绿阔叶林类型的发现,为北亚热带植被地带的概念增添了新内容。文中对原圈定佛子岭水库库区周围为水源涵养林自然保护区认为不妥,将白马尖主峰整个集水区包括在内,才是完善的。     

Monomeric solution structure of the helicase-binding domain of Escherichia coli DnaG primase

DnaG is the primase that lays down RNA primers on single-stranded DNA during bacterial DNA replication. The solution structure of the DnaB-helicase-binding C-terminal domain of Escherichia coli DnaG was determined by NMR spectroscopy at near-neutral pH. The structure is a rare fold that, besides occurring in DnaG C-terminal domains, has been described only for the N-terminal domain of DnaB. The C-terminal helix hairpin present in the DnaG C-terminal domain, however, is either less stable or absent in DnaB, as evidenced by high mobility of the C-terminal 35 residues in a construct comprising residues 1-171. The present structure identifies the previous crystal structure of the E. coli DnaG C-terminal domain as a domain-swapped dimer. It is also significantly different from the NMR structure reported for the corresponding domain of DnaG from the thermophile Bacillus stearothermophilus. NMR experiments showed that the DnaG C-terminal domain does not bind to residues 1-171 of the E. coli DnaB helicase with significant affinity.