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71.
Chronic hyperphenylalaninemia maintained with the aid of a suppressor of phenylalamine hydroxylase, -methylphenylalanine, increases the glycine concentration and the phosphoserine phosphatase activity of the developing rat brain but not that of liver or kidney. Similar increases occur after daily injections with large doses of phenylalanine alone, while tyrosine, isoleucine, alanine, proline, and threonine, were without effect. Treatment with methionine, which increases the phosphoserine phosphatase activity of the brain and lowered that of liver and kidney, left the cerebral glycine level unchanged. When varying the degrees of gestational or early postnatal hyperphenylalaninemia, a significant linear correlation was found between the developing brains' phosphoserine phosphatase and glycine concentration. Observations on the uptake of injected glycine and its decline further indicate that coordinated rises in the brain's phosphoserine phosphatase and glycine content associated with experimental hyperphenylalaninemia denote a direct impact of phenylalanine on the intracellular pathway of glycine synthesis in immature animals. 相似文献
72.
73.
Komandoor E. Achyuthan Ann Mary Robin Bhaermani Charles S. Greenberg 《Molecular and cellular biochemistry》1989,85(1):57-65
Calcium ions are crucial for expression of transglutaminase activity. Although lanthanides have been reported to substitute for calcium in a variety of protein functions, they did not replace the calcium requirement during transglutaminase activity measurements. Furthermore, lanthanides strongly inhibited purified liver transglutaminase activity using either casein or fibrinogen as substrates. Terbium (III) inhibition of transglutaminase-catalyzed putrescine incorporation into casein was not reversed by the presence of 10–200 fold molar excess of calcium ions (Ki for Tb(III)=60 µM). Conformational changes in purified liver transglutaminase upon Tb(III) binding were evident from a biphasic effect of Tb(III) on transglutaminase binding to fibrin. Low concentrations of Tb(III) (1 µM to 10 µM inhibited the binding of transglutaminase to fibrin, whereas higher concentrations (20 µM to 100 µM promoted binding. Conformational changes in purified liver transglutaminase consequent to Tb(III) binding were also demonstrated by fluorescence spectroscopy due to Forster energy transfer. Fluorescence emission was stable to the presence of 200 mM NaCl and 100 mM CaCl2 only partially quenched emission. Purified liver transglutaminase strongly bound to Tb(III)-Chelating Sepharose beads and binding could not be disrupted by 100 mM CaCl2 solution. Our data suggest that Tb(III)-induced conformational changes in transglutaminase are responsible for the observed effects on enzyme structure and function. The potential applications of Tb(III)-transglutaminase interactions in elucidating the structure-function relationships of liver transglutaminase are discussed. 相似文献
74.
Aflatoxin contamination of agricultural commodities continues to be a serious problem in the United States. Breeding for resistant genotypes has been unsuccessful and detoxification of food sources is not economically feasible. New strategies for control may become apparent once more is known about the biosynthesis and regulation of aflatoxin. Although the biosynthetic pathway of aflatoxin has been extensively studied, little is known about the regulation of the individual steps in the pathway. We have developed a genetic transformation system forAspergillus flavus that provides a new and expedient approach to studying the biosynthesis of aflatoxin and its regulation. Through the use of this genetic transformation system, genes for aflatoxin biosynthesis can be identified and isolated by the complementation of aflatoxin negative mutants. In this paper we discuss molecular strategies for studying the regulation and biosynthesis of aflatoxin. 相似文献
75.
Curtis W. Hoganson Demetrios F. Ghanotakis Gerald T. Babcock Charles F. Yocum 《Photosynthesis research》1989,22(3):285-293
Manganese in the oxygen-evolving complex is a physiological electron donor to Photosystem II. PS II depleted of manganese may oxidize exogenous reductants including benzidine and Mn2+. Using flash photolysis with electron spin resonance detection, we examined the room-temperature reaction kinetics of these reductants with Yz
+, the tyrosine radical formed in PS II membranes under illumination. Kinetics were measured with membranes that did or did not contain the 33 kDa extrinsic polypeptide of PS II, whose presence had no effect on the reaction kinetics with either reductant. The rate of Yz
+ reduction by benzidine was a linear function of benzidine concentration. The rate of Yz
+ reduction by Mn2+ at pH 6 increased linearly at low Mn2+ concentrations and reached a maximum at the Mn2+ concentrations equal to several times the reaction center concentration. The rate was inhibited by K+, Ca2+ and Mg2+. These data are described by a model in which negative charge on the membrane causes a local increase in the cation concentration. The rate of Yz
+ reduction at pH 7.5 was biphasic with a fast 400 s phase that suggests binding of Mn2+ near Yz
+ at a site that may be one of the native manganese binding sites.Abbreviations PS II
Photosystem II
- YD
tyrosine residue in Photosystem II that gives rise to the stable Signal II EPR spectrum
- Yz
tyrosine residue in Photosystem II that mediates electron transfer between the reaction center chlorophyll and the site of water oxidation
- ESR
electron spin resonance
- DPC
diphenylcarbazide
- DCIP
dichlorophenolindophenol 相似文献
76.
Higher order structure is present in the yeast nucleus: autoantibody probes demonstrate that the nucleolus lies opposite the spindle pole body 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
A panel of sera from 892 autoimmune patients was screened by indirect immunofluorescence on mammalian cells. Seventy-three sera were identified that recognize the nucleolus. Three of these sera appear to stain the nucleolus in yeast, suggesting that they recognize highly conserved antigens. These three sera also immunoprecipitate mammalian U3 snRNA-containing particles, which reside in the nucleolus and have been implicated in rRNA processing. Double immunofluorescence experiments with anti-nucleolus and anti-tubulin antibodies revealed a novel form of non-random nuclear organization in yeast. The spindle pole body and the nucleolus — both of which are associated with the nuclear envelope — preferentially localize at opposite ends of the nucleus. Organization of these and other components into specific regions of the nucleus may be important for optimizing their proper function. 相似文献
77.
The increased expiration of ethane and pentane by mice treated with hepatotoxic doses of acetaminophen suggests the possibility of oxidant mechanisms associated with the necrosis. However, studies in rats are not consistent with oxidant stress mechanisms causing the damage, because acetaminophen given to rats does not increase GSSG efflux, a sensitive index of intrahepatic oxidant stress. To compare the extent of oxidant stress generated by acetaminophen in mice versus rats, hepatic content and biliary efflux of GSSG and GSH in mice have been examined. Bile was collected from anesthetized male ICR mice before and after intraperitoneal administration of acetaminophen (325 mg/kg, 2.15 mmol/kg), t-butyl hydroperoxide (TBHP) (1.5 mmol/kg), diethyl maleate (400 mg/kg, 2.33 mmol/kg, in corn oil) or saline (control) and GSH and GSSG were measured by the enzymatic recycling method of Tietze. An increase in biliary GSSG efflux was produced by t-butyl hydroperoxide, but not by the other agents. Biliary GSH/GSSG ratios decreased in acetaminophen-treated animals, presumably reflecting the marked depletion of hepatic GSH, since a similar decrease was observed with non-hepatotoxic doses of diethyl maleate. The failure of acetaminophen to increase the hepatic content or biliary efflux of GSSG in ICR mice is not consistent with the view that oxidant stress mechanisms cause the damage, despite the increases in alkanes expired after acetaminophen administration in this specific animal model. 相似文献
78.
Roger C. Bales Charles P. Gerba Gerald H. Grondin Stephen L. Jensen 《Applied microbiology》1989,55(8):2061-2067
Bacteriophage transport was investigated in laboratory column experiments using sandy soil, a controlled field study in a sandy wash, and laboratory experiments using fractured rock. In the soil columns, the phage MS-2 exhibited significant dispersion and was excluded from 35 to 40% of the void volume but did not adsorb. Dispersion in the field was similiar to that observed in the laboratory. The phage f2 was largely excluded from the porous matrix of the two fractured-rock cores studied, coming through 1.2 and 2.0 times later than predicted on the basis of fracture flow alone. Because of matrix diffusion, nonsorbing solutes were retarded by over a factor of three relative to fracture flow. The time for a solute tracer to equilibrate with the porous matrix of 6.5-cm-diameter by 25-cm-long cores was measured in days. Results of both granular-medium and fractured-rock experiments illustrate the inability of a solute tracer to provide estimates for dispersion and effective porosity that are applicable to a colloid. Bacteriophage can be used to better estimate the maximum subsurface transport rate of colloidal contaminants through a porous formation. 相似文献
79.
Methods are presented to extract and purify mitochondrial DNA from the rotifer Brachionus plicatilis. The mtDNA obtained is of sufficient purity for digestion with restriction endonucleases. EcoR I restriction patterns are presented for 4 geographically separated clones. A restriction map based on digestion with 5 different restriction enzymes is included for one of these clones. Finally, use of mtDNA analysis for studies on the population structure and biogeography of rotifers is discussed. 相似文献
80.
Rotifers described from the Andes by Murray (1913) and De Beauchamp (1939) as Notholca foliacea (Ehrenberg) are reviewed and re-assessed as Notholca walterkostei De Paggi, 1982. They are compared with N. foliacea and details of the lorica of this species seen with the scanning electron microscope are presented. 相似文献