全文获取类型
收费全文 | 516篇 |
免费 | 60篇 |
国内免费 | 1篇 |
专业分类
577篇 |
出版年
2022年 | 6篇 |
2021年 | 11篇 |
2020年 | 7篇 |
2019年 | 7篇 |
2018年 | 12篇 |
2017年 | 11篇 |
2016年 | 24篇 |
2015年 | 18篇 |
2014年 | 28篇 |
2013年 | 29篇 |
2012年 | 29篇 |
2011年 | 34篇 |
2010年 | 19篇 |
2009年 | 26篇 |
2008年 | 19篇 |
2007年 | 18篇 |
2006年 | 18篇 |
2005年 | 21篇 |
2004年 | 22篇 |
2003年 | 16篇 |
2002年 | 20篇 |
2001年 | 8篇 |
2000年 | 7篇 |
1999年 | 8篇 |
1998年 | 13篇 |
1997年 | 5篇 |
1996年 | 8篇 |
1993年 | 3篇 |
1992年 | 6篇 |
1991年 | 6篇 |
1990年 | 9篇 |
1989年 | 4篇 |
1988年 | 5篇 |
1986年 | 4篇 |
1985年 | 5篇 |
1984年 | 7篇 |
1983年 | 6篇 |
1982年 | 5篇 |
1981年 | 4篇 |
1980年 | 6篇 |
1979年 | 4篇 |
1978年 | 6篇 |
1977年 | 5篇 |
1976年 | 10篇 |
1974年 | 3篇 |
1973年 | 8篇 |
1972年 | 2篇 |
1970年 | 5篇 |
1968年 | 3篇 |
1967年 | 4篇 |
排序方式: 共有577条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
21.
Barbara C. Banz Jia Wu Michael J. Crowley Marc N. Potenza Linda C. Mayes 《The Yale journal of biology and medicine》2016,89(2):143-151
Adolescence and prenatal cocaine exposure can impact risk-taking. In this study, we evaluated risk-taking and gender-related differences in adolescents with prenatal cocaine exposure in terms of electrophysiological correlates of inhibitory control and sustained attention. No differences related to gender were found within measures of risk-taking, or electrophysiological response relating to risk-taking. Greater responses during inhibition versus attention trials support previous studies, with boys showing the largest responses. Gender-related differences were found when comparing the trials before and after frustration was induced, with greater initial attention indices for girls in both trial types and greater sustained attention for both genders during inhibition trials and for boys during attention trials. These data suggest neural correlates of response inhibition show important gender-related differences in this population. Considering these relationships allows us to further understand underlying processes among adolescents who, as a group, tend to be more inclined toward greater risk behaviors. 相似文献
22.
Han F Gilbert JR Harrison G Adams CS Freeman T Tao Z Zaka R Liang H Williams C Tuan RS Norton PA Hickok NJ 《Experimental cell research》2007,313(8):1518-1532
Fibronectin (FN) isoform expression is altered during chondrocyte commitment and maturation, with cartilage favoring expression of FN isoforms that includes the type II repeat extra domain B (EDB) but excludes extra domain A (EDA). We and others have hypothesized that the regulated splicing of FN mRNAs is necessary for the progression of chondrogenesis. To test this, we treated the pre-chondrogenic cell line ATDC5 with transforming growth factor-beta1, which has been shown to modulate expression of the EDA and EDB exons, as well as the late markers of chondrocyte maturation; it also slightly accelerates the early acquisition of a sulfated proteoglycan matrix without affecting cell proliferation. When chondrocytes are treated with TGF-beta1, the EDA exon is preferentially excluded at all times whereas the EDB exon is relatively depleted at early times. This regulated alternative splicing of FN correlates with the regulation of alternative splicing of SRp40, a splicing factor facilitating inclusion of the EDA exon. To determine if overexpression of the SRp40 isoforms altered FN and FN EDA organization, cDNAs encoding these isoforms were overexpressed in ATDC5 cells. Overexpression of the long-form of SRp40 yielded an FN organization similar to TGF-beta1 treatment; whereas overexpression of the short form of SRp40 (which facilitates EDA inclusion) increased formation of long-thick FN fibrils. Therefore, we conclude that the effects of TGF-beta1 on FN splicing during chondrogenesis may be largely dependent on its effect on SRp40 isoform expression. 相似文献
23.
Hurkman WJ Tanaka CK 《Journal of chromatography. B, Analytical technologies in the biomedical and life sciences》2007,849(1-2):344-350
Total protein extracts of wheat endosperm are widely used for the analysis of the highly abundant gliadins and glutenins. In this review, the most popular total endosperm extraction methods are compared for their effectiveness in proteome coverage. A drawback of total endosperm extracts is that the enormous dynamic range of protein abundance limits the detection, quantification, and identification of low abundance proteins. Protein fractionation is invaluable for improving proteome coverage, because it reduces sample complexity while enriching for specific classes of less abundant proteins. A wide array of techniques is available for isolating protein subpopulations. Sequential extraction is a method particularly suited for subfractionation of wheat endosperm proteins, because it takes advantage of the specific solubility properties of the different classes of endosperm proteins. This method effectively separates the highly abundant gliadins and glutenins from the much less abundant albumins and globulins. Subcellular fractionation of tissue homogenates is a classical technique for isolating membranes and organelles for functional analysis. This approach is suitable for defining the biochemical processes associated with amyloplasts, specialized organelles in the endosperm that function in the synthesis and storage of starch. Subproteome fractionation, when combined with 2-DE and protein identification, provides a powerful approach for defining endosperm protein composition and providing new insights into cellular functions. 相似文献
24.
Yung-Fen Huang Jesse A. Poland Charlene P. Wight Eric W. Jackson Nicholas A. Tinker 《PloS one》2014,9(7)
Advances in next-generation sequencing offer high-throughput and cost-effective genotyping alternatives, including genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS). Results have shown that this methodology is efficient for genotyping a variety of species, including those with complex genomes. To assess the utility of GBS in cultivated hexaploid oat (Avena sativa L.), seven bi-parental mapping populations and diverse inbred lines from breeding programs around the world were studied. We examined technical factors that influence GBS SNP calls, established a workflow that combines two bioinformatics pipelines for GBS SNP calling, and provided a nomenclature for oat GBS loci. The high-throughput GBS system enabled us to place 45,117 loci on an oat consensus map, thus establishing a positional reference for further genomic studies. Using the diversity lines, we estimated that a minimum density of one marker per 2 to 2.8 cM would be required for genome-wide association studies (GWAS), and GBS markers met this density requirement in most chromosome regions. We also demonstrated the utility of GBS in additional diagnostic applications related to oat breeding. We conclude that GBS is a powerful and useful approach, which will have many additional applications in oat breeding and genomic studies. 相似文献
25.
Spatial segregation of the sexes (SSS) occurs in many dioecious angiosperms, but little data are available on the fitness
advantages, if any, for males and females. We examined whether reciprocally transplanted male and female seedlings of Distichlis spicata, a dioecious grass species that exhibits extreme SSS, differed in their responses to microhabitats and competition treatments.
Plants grown without conspecific competitors grew equally well in both male- or female-majority habitats, suggesting that
male and female plants do not have differential resource needs at the juvenile life-history stage. However, plants subject
to intra-sexual competition were significantly larger than plants subject to inter-sexual competition, suggesting that niche
partitioning may occur in D. spicata. 相似文献
26.
Charlene P. Wight Andrew J. Daugulis Reginald H. Lau Bradley N. White 《Applied microbiology and biotechnology》1989,31(4):338-341
Summary
Bacillus brevis 47 was cultivated in 2-1 fermentors to study the effect of medium supplementation on extracellular protein production. Additional polypeptone, when supplied initially or at 12 h (late exponential phase), had little stimulatory effect on extracellular protein levels, which reached 6–7 g/l after 48h. A large increase in protein production was observed, however, when polypeptone was added at 21 h (stationary phase). This addition resulted in the accumulation in the medium of 14 g/l protein after 48 h, and a total of 16 g/l when cell-bound protein was included. In all cases, glucose was consumed only very slowly. 相似文献
27.
Michael Garrick Donna Scott Susannah Walpole Eric Finkelstein Joy Whitbred Sandeep Chopra Lalitha Trivikram David Mayes Daphne Rhodes Kimberly Cabbagestalk Rahmi Oklu Adnan Sadiq Brett Mascia James Hoke Laura Garrick 《Biometals》1997,10(2):65-76
Belgrade rats inherit microcytic, hypochromic anemia as an autosomalrecessive trait (gene symbol b). Erythrocytes and tissue are iron deficientin the face of elevated TIBC (total iron binding capacity) and percent ironsaturation; iron injections increased the number of erythrocytes but theirappearance remained abnormal. We have investigated iron supplements toimprove husbandry of b/b rats and to learn more about the underlying defectand its tissue distribution. Weekly IM (intramuscular) injections ofiron–dextran (Imferon at 30 mg kg) improved the anemia but did not alter thered cell morphology. Certain diets also improved the health of b/b rats whencompared to standard rat chows by the criteria of weight, survival toadulthood, hematology and reproduction. The critical nutritional factorturned out to be iron bioavailability, with ferrous iron added to the dietimproving the health of Belgrade rats without affecting the underlyingerythroid defect. Tissue iron measurements after dietary or parenteralsupplementation confirmed the iron deficient status of untreated b/b rats andestablished that dietary ferrous iron partially relieved this deficiency,with injections leading to greater amounts of tissue iron. Serum iron andTIBC were also found to be elevated in untreated b/b rats, with dietarysupplementation decreasing but not eliminating the elevation in TIBC. Thesestudies indicate that iron supplements can improve the health of b/b ratswithout altering the underlying defect and also suggest that the mutationcould alter iron uptake in the GI (gastrointestinal) tract. 相似文献
28.
Charlene Chang Ben A. Moll Kathleen B. Evenson Mark J. Guiltinan 《Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture》1996,45(1):61-66
In vitro plantlet regeneration systems for the seed geranium (Pelargonium x hortorum Bailey) using cotyledon, hypocotyl and root explants were optimized by studying the influence of seedling age, growth regulators and excision orientation on organogenesis. Indole-3-acetic acid combined with zeatin yielded the highest rate of shoot production on cotyledon explants (0.2–2 shoots per explant). More shoots were produced on explants cut from the most basal region of cotyledons from 2 to 4-day-old seedlings than from older seedlings or more distal cut sites. Hypocotyl explants produced the highest number of shoots, up to 40 shoots per explant, on indole-3-acetic acid (2.8–5.6 mM) + zeatin (4.6 mM) or thidiazuron (4.5 mM). Maximum shoot formation (0.3–1.4 shoots per explant) on root explants occurred when they were cultured on medium containing zeatin. Regenerated shoots rooted best on a basal medium containing no growth regulators. There were substantial differences among cultivars in shoot formation from each of the explant systems.Abbreviations BA
6-benzylaminopurine
- 2,4-d
2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid
- IAA
indole-3-acetic acid
- NAA
naphthaleneacetic acid
- TDZ
thidiazuron 相似文献
29.
30.
Charlene T. Lichtash Jinrui Cui Xiuqing Guo Yii-Der I. Chen Willa A. Hsueh Jerome I. Rotter Mark O. Goodarzi 《PloS one》2013,8(6)