全文获取类型
收费全文 | 1794篇 |
免费 | 103篇 |
国内免费 | 10篇 |
专业分类
1907篇 |
出版年
2023年 | 12篇 |
2022年 | 39篇 |
2021年 | 64篇 |
2020年 | 27篇 |
2019年 | 33篇 |
2018年 | 43篇 |
2017年 | 50篇 |
2016年 | 52篇 |
2015年 | 92篇 |
2014年 | 122篇 |
2013年 | 128篇 |
2012年 | 114篇 |
2011年 | 127篇 |
2010年 | 95篇 |
2009年 | 62篇 |
2008年 | 103篇 |
2007年 | 86篇 |
2006年 | 72篇 |
2005年 | 87篇 |
2004年 | 63篇 |
2003年 | 64篇 |
2002年 | 51篇 |
2001年 | 23篇 |
2000年 | 17篇 |
1999年 | 20篇 |
1998年 | 13篇 |
1997年 | 5篇 |
1996年 | 8篇 |
1995年 | 10篇 |
1994年 | 9篇 |
1993年 | 10篇 |
1992年 | 19篇 |
1991年 | 18篇 |
1990年 | 12篇 |
1989年 | 8篇 |
1988年 | 6篇 |
1987年 | 6篇 |
1986年 | 10篇 |
1985年 | 9篇 |
1983年 | 6篇 |
1982年 | 9篇 |
1980年 | 9篇 |
1976年 | 6篇 |
1974年 | 11篇 |
1973年 | 11篇 |
1972年 | 5篇 |
1971年 | 5篇 |
1970年 | 10篇 |
1969年 | 5篇 |
1965年 | 4篇 |
排序方式: 共有1907条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
61.
Informed Consent in Health Research: Challenges and Barriers in Low‐and Middle‐Income Countries with Specific Reference to Nepal 下载免费PDF全文
Pramod R. Regmi Nirmal Aryal Om Kurmi Puspa Raj Pant Edwin van Teijlingen Sharada P. Wasti 《Developing world bioethics》2017,17(2):84-89
Obtaining ‘informed consent’ from every individual participant involved in health research is a mandatory ethical practice. Informed consent is a process whereby potential participants are genuinely informed about their role, risk and rights before they are enrolled in the study. Thus, ethics committees in most countries require ‘informed consent form’ as part of an ethics application which is reviewed before granting research ethics approval. Despite a significant increase in health research activity in low‐and middle‐income countries (LMICs) in recent years, only limited work has been done to address ethical concerns. Most ethics committees in LMICs lack the authority and/or the capacity to monitor research in the field. This is important since not all research, particularly in LMICs region, complies with ethical principles, sometimes this is inadvertently or due to a lack of awareness of their importance in assuring proper research governance. With several examples from Nepal, this paper reflects on the steps required to obtain informed consents and highlights some of the major challenges and barriers to seeking informed consent from research participants. At the end of this paper, we also offer some recommendations around how can we can promote and implement optimal informed consent taking process. We believe that paper is useful for researchers and members of ethical review boards in highlighting key issues around informed consent. 相似文献
62.
N. Madan N. Sundar Raj M.A. Farook S. Vimal C. Venkatesan S. Abdul Majeed K.S.N. Nambi A.S. Sahul Hameed 《Process Biochemistry》2013,48(12):1893-1898
Hepatopancreatic Parvovirus (HPV) causes infection in the early stages of shrimp leading to retarded growth, ultimaltely resulting in monetary loss to the shrimp farmers. To over come this situation screening of post-larvae (PL) by immunology-based diagnostics is required. Hence, the specific gene of capsid protein for HPV was cloned into pRSET B expression vector and rHCP overexpressed with 6-histidine tagged fusion protein in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3). Immunology-based methods like Western blot, dot blot and ELISA techniques were employed to detect HPV in infected samples using the antiserum raised in rabbits against recombinant HCP of HPV. The dot blot assay using anti-rHCP was found to be capable of detecting HPV in HPV infected post-larvae as early as at 24 h post infection. The antiserum could detect the HPV in the infected samples at 1 ng of total protein. HPV infection estimated by ELISA using anti-HCP and pure r-HCP as a standard was found to increase gradually during the course of infection from 24 h post infection. The sensitivity of antibody-based diagnostics employed in the present study was compared with that of PCR diagnostic method to screen the post-larvae for the detection of HPV. 相似文献
63.
Clark E. Hartsock III Jeffrey K. Lewis Ian Leslie Joseph A. Pope Jr. Larry B. Tsai Raj Sachdev Shi-Yuan Meng 《Biotechnology letters》1995,17(10):1025-1030
Summary A synthetic lactose-inducible promoter was chosen to study host cell responses to the over-expression of heterologous genes. Fermentations were conducted to compare the effect of induction strategies on the synthesis of -galactosidase versus the production of recombinant protein. The levels of lactose, IPTG and glucose during induction were manipulated to adjust the utilization of lactose as the inducer and/or the carbon source. In addition, the involvement of the gal operon in lactose metabolism was also explored in order to optimize lactose transport and utilization during induction. 相似文献
64.
Sreejyothi Sankararaman Renjini Ammini Raj Vimal Swapna Mohanachandran Nair Sindhu Sankararaman Sankaranarayana Iyer 《Journal of biological physics》2021,47(2):103-115
Journal of Biological Physics - The paper delves into the plausibility of applying fractal, spectral, and nonlinear time series analyses for lung auscultation. The thirty-five sound signals of... 相似文献
65.
Gunnhild Jakobsen Morten Engstrøm Ørnulf Paulsen Karin Sjue Sunil X. Raj Morten Thronæs Marianne Jensen Hjermstad Stein Kaasa Peter Fayers Pål Klepstad 《Trials》2018,19(1):707
Background
Despite the high prevalence of insomnia in patients with advanced cancer, there are no randomized controlled trials on pharmacological interventions for insomnia in this group of patients. A variety of pharmacological agents is recommended to manage sleep disturbance for insomnia in the general population, but their efficacy and safety in adults with advanced cancer are not established. Thus, there is a need to evaluate the effectiveness of medications for insomnia in order to improve the evidence in patients with advanced cancer. One of the most used sleep medications at present in patients with cancer is zopiclone.Methods
This is a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, multicenter trial. A total of 100 patients with metastatic cancer who report insomnia will be randomly allocated to zopiclone or placebo. The treatment duration with zopiclone/placebo is 6 consecutive nights. The primary endpoint is patient-reported sleep quality during the final study night (night 6) assessed on a numerical rating scale of 0–10, where 0?=?Best sleep and 10?=?Worst possible sleep. Secondary endpoints include the mean patient-reported total sleep time and sleep onset latency during the final study night (night 6).Discussion
Results from this study on treatment of insomnia in advanced cancer will contribute to clinical decision-making and improve the treatment of sleep disturbance in this patient cohort.Trial registration
ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT02807922. Registered on 21 June 2016.66.
Continuous light can be used as a tool to understand the diurnal rhythm of plants and it can also be used to increase the plant production. In the present research, we aimed to investigate the photosynthetic performance of V. radiata under continuous light as compared with the plants grown under normal light duration. Chlorophyll a fluorescence transient (OJIP test) technique was used to understand the effect on various stages of photosynthesis and their consequences under continuous light condition. Various Chl a Fluorescence kinetic parameters such as Specific energy fluxes (per QA-reducing PSII reaction center (RC)) (ABS /RC; TR0/RC; ET0/RC; DI0/RC), phenomenological fluxes, leaf model, (ABS/CSm; TR/CSm; ETo/CSm), Quantum yields and efficiencies (φPo; φEo; Ψo) and Performance index (PIabs) was extracted and analysed in our investigation. Conclusively, our study has revealed that continuous light alters the photosynthetic performance of V. radiata at a different point but also improve plant productivity. 相似文献
67.
Gijs Teklenburg Madhuri Salker Mariam Molokhia Stuart Lavery Geoffrey Trew Tepchongchit Aojanepong Helen J. Mardon Amali U. Lokugamage Raj Rai Christian Landles Bernard A. J. Roelen Siobhan Quenby Ewart W. Kuijk Annemieke Kavelaars Cobi J. Heijnen Lesley Regan Jan J. Brosens Nick S. Macklon 《PloS one》2010,5(4)
Background
Pregnancy is widely viewed as dependent upon an intimate dialogue, mediated by locally secreted factors between a developmentally competent embryo and a receptive endometrium. Reproductive success in humans is however limited, largely because of the high prevalence of chromosomally abnormal preimplantation embryos. Moreover, the transient period of endometrial receptivity in humans uniquely coincides with differentiation of endometrial stromal cells (ESCs) into highly specialized decidual cells, which in the absence of pregnancy invariably triggers menstruation. The role of cyclic decidualization of the endometrium in the implantation process and the nature of the decidual cytokines and growth factors that mediate the crosstalk with the embryo are unknown.Methodology/Principal Findings
We employed a human co-culture model, consisting of decidualizing ESCs and single hatched blastocysts, to identify the soluble factors involved in implantation. Over the 3-day co-culture period, approximately 75% of embryos arrested whereas the remainder showed normal development. The levels of 14 implantation factors secreted by the stromal cells were determined by multiplex immunoassay. Surprisingly, the presence of a developing embryo had no significant effect on decidual secretions, apart from a modest reduction in IL-5 levels. In contrast, arresting embryos triggered a strong response, characterized by selective inhibition of IL-1β, -6, -10, -17, -18, eotaxin, and HB-EGF secretion. Co-cultures were repeated with undifferentiated ESCs but none of the secreted cytokines were affected by the presence of a developing or arresting embryo.Conclusions
Human ESCs become biosensors of embryo quality upon differentiation into decidual cells. In view of the high incidence of gross chromosomal errors in human preimplantation embryos, cyclic decidualization followed by menstrual shedding may represent a mechanism of natural embryo selection that limits maternal investment in developmentally impaired pregnancies. 相似文献68.
Inhibition of protein kinase A in murine enteric neurons causes lethal intestinal pseudo‐obstruction
Douglas G. Howe Christine M. Clarke Huijun Yan Brandon S. Willis David A. Schneider G. Stanley McKnight Raj P. Kapur 《Developmental neurobiology》2006,66(3):256-272
A number of in vitro studies suggest that many important developmental and functional events in the enteric nervous system are regulated by the intracellular signaling enzyme cAMP protein kinase A (PKA). To evaluate the in vivo significance of these observations, a Cre‐inducible, dominant‐negative, mutant regulatory subunit (RIαB) of PKA was activated in enteric neurons by either a Proteolipid protein‐Cre transgene or a Hox11L1‐Cre “knock‐in” allele. In both models, RIαB activation resulted consistently in profound distension of the proximal small intestine within 2 weeks after birth. Intestinal transit of radio‐opaque tracers was severely retarded in the double‐transgenic animals, which died shortly after weaning. In the enteric nervous system, recombination was restricted to neurons as demonstrated by histochemical analysis and confocal microscopic colocalization of a Cre recombinase‐dependent reporter gene with the neuronal marker Hu(C/D), in contrast with the glial marker S100. Histochemical analysis of β‐galactosidase expression and acetylcholinesterase activity, as well as neuronal counts, demonstrated that intestinal dysmotility was not associated with obvious malformation of the myenteric plexus. However, inhibition of PKA activity in enteric neurons disrupted the major motor complexes of isolated intestinal segments in vitro. These results provide strong evidence that PKA activity plays a critical role in enteric neurotransmission in vivo, and highlight neuronal PKA or related signaling molecules as potential therapeutic targets in gastrointestinal motility disorders. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Neurobiol, 2006 相似文献
69.
Wright CM Chovatiya RJ Jameson NE Turner DM Zhu G Werner S Huryn DM Pipas JM Day BW Wipf P Brodsky JL 《Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry》2008,16(6):3291-3301
The Hsp70 molecular chaperones are ATPases that play critical roles in the pathogenesis of many human diseases, including breast cancer. Hsp70 ATP hydrolysis is relatively weak but is stimulated by J domain-containing proteins. We identified pyrimidinone-peptoid hybrid molecules that inhibit cell proliferation with greater potency than previously described Hsp70 modulators. In many cases, anti-proliferative activity correlated with inhibition of J domain stimulation of Hsp70. 相似文献
70.
The aim of the study was to explore the association of the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) gene I/D polymorphism and the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) gene C677T polymorphism with development of diabetic nephropathy in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Three groups were recruited during 2007–2011: 232 normal controls, 185 type 2 diabetics without nephropathy, and 407 type 2 diabetics with nephropathy. The ACE I/D and MTHFR C677T polymorphisms were examined using PCR and PCR-RFLP methods. We found no significant association of the ACE I/D polymorphism with diabetic nephropathy in genotype, allele, dominant, and recessive models. We observed a significant association of MTHFR C677T with development of diabetic nephropathy in type 2 diabetics. The MTHFR C677T polymorphism plays a significant role in predisposition of renal insufficiency in diabetic patients. 相似文献