黄土高原草地植物多样性与群落稳定性的关系及其驱动因素

植物多样性对维持生态功能的稳定发挥具有重要作用。以黄土高原不同植被带草地为研究对象,基于野外调查和实验分析,探究黄土高原不同植被带草地植物多样性与群落稳定性特征和二者之间的关系以及影响因素。结果表明：黄土高原草地群落结构特征(地上生物量、地下生物量)与植物多样性具有明显的纬度分布格局,草地植物多样性和生物量均表现出自东南向西北沿森林草原带—森林带—草原带—草原荒漠带逐渐递减趋势。森林草原带草地植物多样性和群落稳定性显著高于森林带、草原带和草原荒漠带;植物多样性与群落稳定性之间存在显著正相关关系,可以作为衡量群落稳定性的指标,其稳定性大小表现为森林草原带>森林带>草原带>草原荒漠带。降雨量是影响植物多样性和群落稳定性的主要因素,并通过改变土壤含水量影响群落稳定性。研究结果揭示了草地植物多样性与群落稳定性之间的关系及驱动机制,为维持黄土高原草地生态系统的群落稳定性提供了科学依据。     

Base editing with high efficiency in allotetraploid oilseed rape by A3A‐PBE system

CRISPR/Cas‐base editing is an emerging technology that could convert a nucleotide to another type at the target site. In this study, A3A‐PBE system consisting of human A3A cytidine deaminase fused with a Cas9 nickase and uracil glycosylase inhibitor was established and developed in allotetraploid Brassica napus. We designed three sgRNAs to target ALS, RGA and IAA7 genes, respectively. Base‐editing efficiency was demonstrated to be more than 20% for all the three target genes. Target sequencing results revealed that the editing window ranged from C1 to C10 of the PAM sequence. Base‐edited plants of ALS conferred high herbicide resistance, while base‐edited plants of RGA or IAA7 exhibited decreased plant height. All the base editing could be genetically inherited from T₀ to T₁ generation. Several Indel mutations were confirmed at the target sites for all the three sgRNAs. Furthermore, though no C to T substitution was detected at the most potential off‐target sites, large‐scale SNP variations were determined through whole‐genome sequencing between some base‐edited and wild‐type plants. These results revealed that A3A‐PBE base‐editing system could effectively convert C to T substitution with high‐editing efficiency and broadened editing window in oilseed rape. Mutants for ALS, IAA7 and RGA genes could be potentially applied to confer herbicide resistance for weed control or with better plant architecture suitable for mechanic harvesting.     

大熊猫精液和包皮菌群组成及潜在致病菌调查

[目的] 大熊猫是我国国家一级保护动物,其种群面临着传染病和栖息地破碎化等持续威胁,其中生殖系统的细菌感染和菌群失衡会影响大熊猫生殖健康,严重者可导致流产,是引起大熊猫繁殖障碍的原因之一。本研究对精液与包皮分泌物样本的菌群组成情况及分离培养潜在致病菌开展研究。[方法] 通过采集13份大熊猫包皮分泌物和12份精液样本,采用16S rRNA扩增子测序技术、细菌培养及PCR鉴定的方法,确定样本中的细菌种类。[结果] 菌群组成分析结果显示,在门水平上,厚壁菌门（Firmicutes）的细菌丰度在大熊猫包皮与精液中均为最高;在属水平上,不同时期的雄性大熊猫包皮的菌群可能会发生改变,棒状杆菌属（Corynebacterium）和Dolosicoccus是Ⅰ期包皮样本中最丰富的微生物菌群,相对丰度分别为15.45%和12.40%;链球菌属（Streptococcus）和埃希氏菌属（Escherichia）是Ⅱ期包皮样本中最丰富的微生物菌群,相对分度分别为37.94%和9.68%;拟杆菌属（Bacteroides）和普雷沃氏菌属（Prevotella）是精液样本中最丰富的微生物菌群,相对丰度分别为14.40%和12.88%。菌群多样性分析结果显示,精液样品高于Ⅰ期包皮样品和Ⅱ期包皮样品,Ⅰ期包皮样品和Ⅱ期包皮样品之间无显著差异。通过细菌分离培养得到肺炎克雷伯菌（Klebsiella pneumonia）在内的多种潜在性致病菌。[结论] 本研究分析了大熊猫精液和不同时期包皮分泌物的菌群组成,其优势菌属存在差异,大熊猫包皮与精液中存在潜在性致病菌,这可能对大熊猫的生殖系统健康带来威胁,其致病性有待进一步研究。     

千渭之会国家湿地公园典型植物底泥真菌群落结构及功能研究

通过研究陕西省宝鸡市千渭之会国家湿地公园不同植被类型的底泥中真菌群落结构、多样性及功能差异,为千渭之会国家湿地公园水生植物的优化选择提供依据。以芦苇、香蒲、白茅、水葱、荷花等典型湿地植物底泥样本为研究对象,采用高通量测序技术对底泥样本DNA的ITS1片段进行基因测序,获取底泥中真菌群落结构组成并预测其功能信息,测定样本理化性质及酶活性。结果表明,测序共获得11 778个OTUs(Operational Taxonomic Units),划分为34个门、58个纲、134个目、244个科、599个属;真菌群落以子囊菌门(Ascomycota)和担子菌门(Basidiomycota)为主;芦苇底泥样品的真菌多样性最低;子囊菌门的相对丰度与蔗糖酶、磷酸酶活性呈显著正相关(P<0.05),担子菌门的相对丰度与总碳、总有机碳含量以及蔗糖酶活性呈显著正相关(P<0.05);底泥真菌群落主要包括3类营养型和6类互有交叉营养型功能菌群。探讨了湿地中不同植物群落的底泥中真菌群落结构、多样性以及潜在功能的差异,分析相关理化性质的影响,以期为筛选人工湿地植物、有效利用湿地资源和生态修复提供参考。     

纳木措可培养丝状真菌多样性及其与理化因子关系

微生物多样性在评估水体生态环境方面发挥着重要作用。本研究以青藏高原纳木措湖为研究对象, 开展水体可培养丝状真菌多样性及影响因子研究。通过膜过滤平置培养法、经典分类法和rRNA转录间隔区(ITS)序列分析对纳木措湖20个采样点的丝状真菌进行分离、纯化及鉴定, 测定水体理化指标, 综合分析丝状真菌空间分布格局与理化因子的相关性。菌种鉴定结果显示, 从纳木措水体样品中共分离纯化出1,412株丝状真菌, 隶属22属47种, 其中链格孢属(Alternaria)、青霉属(Penicillium)和毛霉属(Mucor)为优势属, 链格孢(Alternaria chlamydosporigena)和冻土毛霉(Mucor hiemalis)为优势种; Pearson相关性分析显示, 丝状真菌总丰度与温度、铵态氮、全磷呈显著正相关; 冗余分析显示, 铵态氮、温度、全磷、全氮、盐度及电导率是影响纳木措湖丝状真菌群落组成与分布的主要理化因子。综上所述, 纳木措水体可培养丝状真菌具有较高的物种多样性和空间异质性, 而且水体环境因子影响其分布。     

黄山典型植被类型土壤真菌群落特征及其影响因素

黄山地势高差明显,植被类型多样,生态系统保存完整,是研究森林生态系统土壤真菌群落的天然实验室。本研究采集黄山典型植被下土壤样本,利用Illumina NovaSeq高通量测序技术分析土壤真菌群落结构,结合土壤理化性质探讨不同植被类型影响真菌群落组成的潜在因素。结果共检测到13个真菌门,优势真菌门依次为：担子菌门Basidiomycota,获得38目,202属,相对丰度介于7.30%-90.71%,在常绿落叶阔叶混交林、山地矮林及落叶阔叶林中出现高值,局部呈现先增后减的单峰变化格局;子囊菌门Ascomycota有56目,393属,相对丰度介于4.69%-53.07%,随着典型植被类型变化无明显变化规律;被孢霉门Mortierellomycota获得1目和2属,相对丰度介于2.88%-29.92%,随着典型植被类型变化呈现U型变化模式;5种植被类型土壤中共检测到34个不同分类单元的真菌指示类群,落叶阔叶林土壤真菌指示类群最为丰富,占67%;pH显著影响土壤真菌α多样性（Pearson,P<0.001）,是黄山土壤真菌群落变异的主控因子（Monte Corlo 检验,P<0.01）。     

根施甜菜碱对干旱胁迫下小麦幼苗类囊体膜组分和功能的影响

干旱胁迫造成两小麦品系类囊体膜上的单半乳糖脂甘油二酯(MGDG)、双半乳糖脂甘油二酯(DGDG)、磷脂酰胆碱(PG)以及叶绿素含量显著下降,甜菜碱预处理能缓解这些组分的下降.干旱胁迫下,抗旱型小麦品系HF9 70 3的硫代异鼠李糖甘油二酯(SQDG)、反式十六碳-烯酸[16:1(3t)]含量显著上升,MGDG中亚麻酸(18:3)相对含量显著下降;而干旱敏感型品系SN215953则表现为SQDG、16:1(3t)含量显著下降,MGDG中脂肪酸变化不明显,这可能是两个小麦品系抗旱性差异的重要原因之一;甜菜碱处理能显著减小干旱处理与对照之间的差异,且对SN215953的作用较HF9703大.另外,干旱胁迫引起类囊体膜上Ca2 -ATPase活性、Hill反应活性及叶片净光合速率下降,外源甜菜碱能缓解其下降趋势.     

The decline in ascorbic acid content is associated with cadmium toxicity of rice seedlings

Cadmium (Cd) toxicity of rice (Oryza sativa L. cv. Taichung Native 1) seedlings was evaluated by the decrease in chlorophyll content and the increase in malondialdehyde (MDA) in the second leaves of rice seedlings. CdCl₂ (5 μM) treatment was accompanied by a decrease in the contents of ascorbic acid (AsA) and AsA + dehydroascorbate (DHA) and in the ratios of AsA/DHA in leaves. However, CdCl₂ treatment resulted in an increase in DHA content in leaves. Moreover, the decrease in AsA content was prior to the occurrence of chlorosis and associated with the increase in MDA content in the leaves of seedlings treated with Cd. Pretreatment with 0.5 mM AsA or l-galactono-1,4-lactone (GalL), the biosynthetic precursor of AsA, for 6 h resulted in an increase in the contents of AsA and reduced glutathione (GSH), the ratios of AsA/DHA and GSH/oxidized glutathione, and the activities of ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and glutathione reductase (GR) in the leaves of rice seedlings. Quantitative RT-PCR was applied to quantify the mRNA levels for OsAPX and OsGR genes from rice leaves to examine the effect of AsA or GalL pretreatment on the expression of OsAPX and OsGR genes in rice leaves. The expression of OsAPX2, OsAPX3, OsAPX4, OsAPX5, OsAPX6, OsAPX7, and OsGR1 was increased by AsA or GalL pretreatment. Rice seedlings pretreated with AsA or GalL were observed to reduce the subsequent Cd-induced toxicity. Our results suggest that AsA content may play a role in regulating Cd toxicity of rice seedlings.