结构稳定性: 概念、方法和应用

群落内物种间相互作用的结构是高度组织化的。群落结构对多物种共存的影响机制是群落生态学的核心科学问题之一。目前生态学界在这一问题上存在多种不同的观点。一个可能的原因是, 由于环境因子的复杂性, 大部分研究忽略了环境因子对群落结构和物种共存的重要影响。在这一背景下, 近期发展起来的结构稳定性理论系统地联系了群落结构、环境因子和物种共存, 并在此基础上建立了一个和经验数据紧密结合的理论框架。本文首先简要回顾了当前关于群落结构研究的争鸣, 然后介绍了结构稳定性的理论框架和计算方法, 最后详细介绍了结构稳定性理论在不同生态群落和不同生态学问题中的应用。在全球气候变化的背景下, 结构稳定性理论提供了一种新的视角来理解群落层面的生物多样性维持机制。     

物种分布模型在大型真菌红色名录评估及保护中的应用: 以冬虫夏草为例

我国大型真菌资源丰富, 由于受气候变化和人类活动等的影响, 近年来很多物种受到不同程度的威胁, 亟待保护。红色名录评估是物种保护的第一步, 为有效保护我国大型真菌多样性, 2016年生态环境部和中国科学院联合启动中国大型真菌红色名录评估项目。合理的评估依赖于完善的物种地理分布、种群数量规模及其动态变化信息。大型真菌评估信息较少, 需要引入新的方法解决评估信息不足的问题。冬虫夏草(Ophiocordyceps sinensis)是一种重要的食药用菌, 具有较高的经济价值, 受到全世界的广泛关注, 评估信息相对充足, 此次被评为易危物种。利用物种分布模型对冬虫夏草未来分布区变化的预测在评估过程中发挥了重要作用。为了将物种分布模型分析方法引入大型真菌的受威胁等级评估, 本文以此前我们利用物种分布模型预测冬虫夏草的潜在分布区及其对气候变化响应的研究为例, 介绍了应用物种分布模型预测大型真菌的潜在分布区、未来气候变化情景下分布区变化趋势的方法和流程, 以及在应用中可能存在的问题和解决方案。通过本文的分析, 我们认为物种分布模型在大型真菌的红色名录评估和保护中具有重要的应用潜力, 值得推广应用。     

阑尾切除术后切口感染患儿PCT、ESR和 CRP变化及切口脓液病原菌分析

目的研究阑尾切除术后切口感染患儿血清C-反应蛋白(CRP)、降钙素原(PCT)和红细胞沉降率(ESR)水平变化及切口脓液病原菌分布。方法选取2014年7月至2019年7月我院收治的100例阑尾切除术后切口感染患儿为观察组,对照组选取同期来我院进行体检的80例健康儿童。对比两组对象血清CRP、PCT和ESR水平,同时分析观察组患儿阑尾切除术后切口脓液病原菌的构成。结果观察组患儿血清CRP、PCT和ESR水平显著高于对照组(均P0.05)。送检的100例脓液及脓性分泌物标本中检出细菌51例,检出率为51.00%。共分离得到病原菌55株(其中有4例为2种细菌混合感染),病原菌种类共13种,其中革兰阴性菌39株(70.91%),革兰阳性菌16株(29.09%),主要病原菌为大肠埃希菌(49.09%)、肺炎克雷伯菌(10.91%)、金黄色葡萄球菌(9.09%)和铜绿假单胞菌(5.45%)。大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌和铜绿假单胞菌对厄他培南、亚胺培南、美罗培南、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦、氨曲南较为敏感。结论阑尾切除术后切口感染患儿血清PCT、CRP和ESR水平较高,主要病原菌为大肠埃希菌。     

精准营养联合生长抑素对胃癌根治术患者的临床疗效

目的探讨生长抑素联合精准营养疗法对胃癌根治术患者术后营养指标水平和肠道菌群的影响。方法选取我院2017年10月至2019年1月收治并拟行胃癌根治术治疗的92例胃癌患者为研究对象,随机分为对照组(46例)和观察组(46例)。两组患者术后均给予常规处理。对照组患者同时给予生长抑素+常规肠外营养支持,观察组患者同时给予生长抑素+精准营养支持。于营养干预前后统计两组患者营养相关指标[体质量、血清白蛋白(ALB)、前白蛋白(PA)、淋巴细胞计数(LC)、肌酐(Ct)以及尿素氮(UN)]水平;对肠道菌群进行alpha分析,并计算肠杆菌、肠球菌、乳杆菌和双歧杆菌数量。结果营养干预前,两组患者营养相关指标水平以及肠道菌群相关指标水平之间差异无统计学意义(均P>0.05)。营养干预后,(1)观察组患者平均体质量以及血清ALB、PA、LC水平分别为(56.98±5.34)kg、(29.98±6.03)mg/L、(137.14±35.17)g/L、(1.15±0.26)×10⁹,对照组分别为(53.29±5.18)kg、(26.12±5.29)mg/L、(104.53±27.66)g/L、(0.82±0.18)×10⁹,两组之间差异有统计学意义(均P<0.05);(2)观察组患者肠道菌群Chao指数和Ace指数水平分别为(397.84±75.23)、(408.26±78.34),对照组分别为(362.13±66.23)、(371.19±70.09),两组之间差异有统计学意义(均P<0.05);(3)观察组患者肠道肠杆菌、肠球菌数量明显低于对照组,而乳杆菌、双歧杆菌数量明显高于对照组(均P<0.05)。结论胃癌根治术患者术后联合生长抑素和精准营养疗法能够显著改善患者的营养状况,保持肠道菌群丰度,平衡肠道菌群分布,值得临床研究和应用。     

Fate of the soil seed bank of giant ragweed and its significance in preventing and controlling its invasion in grasslands

Giant ragweed (Ambrosia trifida, L. henceforth referred to as GR), an annual non‐native invasive weed, may cause health problems and can reduce agricultural productivity. Chemical control of GR in grasslands may have irreversible side effects on herbs and livestock. In an attempt to propose a solution to the harmful effects of GR on grasslands, this study explores the fate of its soil seed bank (SSB) and considers the physical control of its SSB reduction. By studying GR distributed in grasslands of the Yili Valley, Xinjiang, China, we measured the spatial and temporal changes in seed density, seed germination, dormancy, and death. We analyzed seed germination, dormancy, and death following different storage periods. The study analyzed population characteristics over time, including seed fate, and examined physical control methods for reducing the SSB density. The SSB of GR occurs in the upper 0–15 cm of soil in grasslands. Seed density in the SSB decreased by 68.1% to 82.01% from the reproductive growth period to the senescence period. More than 98.7% of the seeds were rotten, eaten, germinated, dispersed, or died within one year after being produced. The seed germination rate of the SSB decreased with the number of years after invasion. When stored for 0.5 or 3.5 years, seed germination rates fell by 40%, during which time seed death rate increased by almost 40%. When GR was completely eradicated for two consecutive years, the SSB and population densities decreased by >99%. The vast majority of GR seeds germinated or died within one year; the germination rate decreased significantly if the seeds were stored dry at room temperature for a long time. Newly produced seeds are the main source of seeds in the SSB. Therefore, thoroughly eradicating GR plants for several years before the seeds can mature provides an effective control method in grasslands.     

Genomic analysis of Asian honeybee populations in China reveals evolutionary relationships and adaptation to abiotic stress

The geographic and biological diversity of China has resulted in the differential adaptation of the eastern honeybee, Apis cerana, to these varied habitats. A. cerana were collected from 14 locations in China. Their genomes were sequenced, and nucleotide polymorphisms were identified at more than 9 million sites. Both STRUCTURE and principal component analysis placed the bees into seven groups. Phylogenomic analysis groups the honeybees into many of the same clusters with high bootstrap values (91%–100%). Populations from Tibet and South Yunnan are sister taxa and together represent the earliest diverging lineage included in this study. We propose that the evolutionary origin of A. cerana in China was in the southern region of Yunnan Province and expanded from there into the southeastern regions and into the northeastern mountain regions. The Cold‐Temperate West Sichuan Plateau and Tropical Diannan populations were compared to identify genes under adaptive selection in these two habitats. Pathway enrichment analysis showing genes under selection, including the Hippo signaling pathway, GABAergic pathway, and trehalose‐phosphate synthase, indicates that most genes under selection pressure are involved in the process of signal transduction and energy metabolism. qRT‐PCR analysis reveals that one gene under selection, the AcVIAAT gene, involved in the GABAergic pathway, is responding to cold temperature stress. Through homologous recombination, we show that the AcVIAAT gene is able to replace the CNAG_01904 gene in the fungus Cryptococcus neoformans and that it makes the fungus less sensitive to conditions of oxidative stress and variations in temperature. Our results contribute to our understanding of the evolutionary origin of A. cerana in China and the molecular basis of environmental adaptation.     

Knowledge Mapping of Opuntia Milpa Alta Since 1998: A Scientometric Analysis

Opuntia Milpa Alta is a cactus cultivated, domesticated, hybridized and selected from the plant Opuntia ficus-indica by Mexican agricultural experts, which can be used as fruit and vegetable. Opuntia Milpa Alta leaves and fruit are superior to wild varieties and suitable for storage and transportation. In 1998, Opuntia Milpa Alta was introduced to China from Mexico by the Quality Product Development Center of the Ministry of Agriculture of China. Up to now, the Opuntia Milpa Alta has been cultivated on a certain scale in China. This study aims to identify the research progress and development trends of Opuntia Milpa Alta in China. Papers published between 1998 to 2019 from two major Chinese academic databases (CNKI and Wangfang) with a topic search related to Opuntia Milpa Alta were collected. The research progress and development trends were analyzed based on CiteSpace software of text mining and visualization. The analysis found that Opuntia Milpa Alta has gone through three obvious research phases after being introduced to China. In the first phase, the researchers paid attention to its cultivation method. Subsequently, researchers began to use extraction methods to extract some of its components, such as polysaccharides and flavonoids. Finally, these extracted ingredients began to be used in some biomedical research.