全文获取类型
收费全文 | 98213篇 |
免费 | 20229篇 |
国内免费 | 5811篇 |
出版年
2024年 | 137篇 |
2023年 | 697篇 |
2022年 | 1922篇 |
2021年 | 3323篇 |
2020年 | 3960篇 |
2019年 | 5977篇 |
2018年 | 6188篇 |
2017年 | 5958篇 |
2016年 | 6793篇 |
2015年 | 7517篇 |
2014年 | 8144篇 |
2013年 | 9034篇 |
2012年 | 7828篇 |
2011年 | 7163篇 |
2010年 | 6754篇 |
2009年 | 5058篇 |
2008年 | 4815篇 |
2007年 | 4050篇 |
2006年 | 3675篇 |
2005年 | 3230篇 |
2004年 | 2934篇 |
2003年 | 2858篇 |
2002年 | 2398篇 |
2001年 | 1961篇 |
2000年 | 1649篇 |
1999年 | 1357篇 |
1998年 | 693篇 |
1997年 | 605篇 |
1996年 | 573篇 |
1995年 | 540篇 |
1994年 | 499篇 |
1993年 | 381篇 |
1992年 | 573篇 |
1991年 | 527篇 |
1990年 | 426篇 |
1989年 | 424篇 |
1988年 | 325篇 |
1987年 | 330篇 |
1986年 | 297篇 |
1985年 | 307篇 |
1984年 | 229篇 |
1983年 | 198篇 |
1982年 | 173篇 |
1981年 | 174篇 |
1979年 | 173篇 |
1978年 | 158篇 |
1977年 | 121篇 |
1975年 | 135篇 |
1974年 | 133篇 |
1973年 | 144篇 |
排序方式: 共有10000条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
991.
992.
Molecular dynamics simulations have been performed on three phenylimidazole inhibitor complexes ofP450
cam, utilizing the X-ray structures and the AMBER suite of programs. Compared to their corresponding optimized X-ray structures, very similar features were observed for the 1-phenylimidazole (1-PI) and 2-phenylimidazole (2-PI) complexes during a 100 ps MD simulation. The 1-PI inhibitor binds as a Type II complex with the imidazole nitrogen as a ligand of the heme iron. Analysis of the inhibitor-enzyme interctions during the MD simulations reveals that electrostatic interactions of the imidazole with the heme and van der Waals interactions of the phenyl ring with nearby hydrophobic residues are dominant. By contrast, 2-PI binds as a Type I inhibitor in the substrate binding pocket, but not as a ligand of the iron. The interactions of this inhibitor are qualitatively different from that of the Type II 1-PI, being mainly electrostatic/H-bonding interactions with a bound water and polar residues. Although the third compound, 4-PI, in common with 1-PI, also binds as a Type II inhibitor, with one nitrogen of the imidazole as a ligand to the iron, the MD average binding orientation deviates significantly from the X-ray structure. The most important changes observed include: (1) the rotation of the imidazole ring of this inhibitor by about 90° to enhance electrostatic interactions of the imidazole NH group with the carbonyl group of LEU244, and (2) the rotation of the carbonyl group of ASP251 to form a H-bond with VAL254. An analysis of the H-bonding network surrounding this substrate in the optimized crystal structure revealed that there is no H-bonding partner either for the free polar NH group in the imidazole ring of 4-phenylimidazole or for the polar carbonyl group of the nearby ASP251 residue. The deviation of the dynamically averaged inhibitor-enzyme structure of the 4-PI complex from the optimized crystal structure can therefore be rationalized as a consequence of the optimization of the electrostatic interactions among the polar groups. 相似文献
993.
A. L. Archibald C. S. Haley J. F. Brown S. Couperwhite H. A. McQueen D. Nicholson W. Coppieters A. Van de Weghe A. Stratil A. K. Winterø M. Fredholm N. J. Larsen V. H. Nielsen D. Milan N. Woloszyn A. Robic M. Dalens J. Riquet J. Gellin J. -C. Caritez G. Burgaud L. Ollivier J. -P. Bidanel M. Vaiman C. Renard H. Geldermann R. Davoli D. Ruyter E. J. M. Verstege M. A. M. Groenen W. Davies B. Høyheim A. Keiserud L. Andersson H. Ellegren M. Johansson L. Marklund J. R. Miller D. V. Anderson Dear E. Signer A. J. Jeffreys C. Moran P. Le Tissier Muladno M. F. Rothschild C. K. Tuggle D. Vaske J. Helm H. -C. Liu A. Rahman T. -P. Yu R. G. Larson C. B. Schmitz 《Mammalian genome》1995,6(3):157-175
A linkage map of the porcine genome has been developed by segregation analysis of 239 genetic markers. Eighty-one of these markers correspond to known genes. Linkage groups have been assigned to all 18 autosomes plus the X Chromosome (Chr). As 69 of the markers on the linkage map have also been mapped physically (by others), there is significant integration of linkage and physical map data. Six informative markers failed to show linkage to these maps. As in other species, the genetic map of the heterogametic sex (male) was significantly shorter (16.5 Morgans) than the genetic map of the homogametic sex (female) (21.5 Morgans). The sex-averaged genetic map of the pig was estimated to be 18 Morgans in length. Mapping information for 61 Type I loci (genes) enhances the contribution of the pig gene map to comparative gene mapping. Because the linkage map incorporates both highly polymorphic Type II loci, predominantly microsatellites, and Type I loci, it will be useful both for large experiments to map quantitative trait loci and for the subsequent isolation of trait genes following a comparative and candidate gene approach. 相似文献
994.
Two key issues in the application of plant-cell-culture technology to the production of valuable secondary metabolites are reviewed: the selection of cell lines with suitable genetic, biochemical and physiological characteristics; and the optimization of bioreactor environments. Although great progress has been made in recent years in the design, selection and optimization of bioreactor hardware, optimization of environmental factors such as medium components, light irradiation and O2 supply needs detailed investigations for each case. With a better understanding of plant cell metabolism and physiology, further developments in cultivation processes, such as process integration and on-line monitoring and control, can be expected in the near future.J.-J. Zhong and J.-T. Yu are with the Research Institute of Biochemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China T. Yoshida is with the International Center of Cooperative Research in Biotechnology (ICBiotech), Faculty of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565, Japan. 相似文献
995.
996.
软骨血管生成抑制因子抑制血管生成的研究 总被引:14,自引:1,他引:13
小牛气管软骨经盐酸胍抽提,丙酮分级沉淀,膜超滤,柱层析等步骤得到软骨血管生成抑制因子(cartilage angiogenesis inhibiting factor,CAIF).SDS-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳显示CAIF由单一组分组成,分子量为27700.通过[ 3H]-TdR掺入,活细胞检测等方法测定CAIF对内皮细胞、Hela细胞、QGY7703细胞与小鼠骨髓细胞、人皮肤成纤维细胞等的DNA合成的影响,以及细胞毒作用.采用鸡胚绒毛尿囊膜实验测定CAIF对血管生成的抑制效应.结果显示:CAIF对内皮细胞产生强的抑制作用,对Hela细胞抑制很弱,对QGY7703细胞、小鼠骨髓细胞、人皮肤成纤维细胞均无抑制作用;对鸡胚绒毛尿囊膜的血管生成产生明显的抑制作用.提示CAIF能较特异地抑制血管生成,CAIF达到电泳纯,是专一性较强的血管生成抑制因子. 相似文献
997.
998.
动物鸣叫声计算机分析 总被引:5,自引:1,他引:4
动物鸣叫声计算机分析姜仕仁,丁平,施青松诸葛阳(杭州大学生物科学与技术系310012)ComputerAnalysisofAnimal’sCallingSound¥JiangShiren,Ding,Ping,ShiQingsong,ZhugeYang... 相似文献
999.
从青岛采集的多管藻(Polysiphoniaurceolata)中分离得到的R-藻蓝蛋白,在pH=7.0的0.05mol/L磷酸盐-硫酸铵缓冲液中,使用悬滴气相扩散法获得适合X光衍射分析用单晶。经Buerger徘循照相和XRD—100面探测仪分析,R-藻蓝蛋白晶体属于四方晶系,空间群为P41(3)212,晶胞参数:a=b=137.5c=218.5α=β=γ=90°。用等比重梯度柱法测定了晶体和母液的比重分别为1.19和1.09。根据分子量与晶胞体积估算,一个不对称单位含有一个分子,推测它的分子聚集态形式为(αβ)3。 相似文献
1000.