Mechanisms of heat protection by cycloheximide or puromycin: Involvement of polyamines?

1. 1.|When Chinese hamster ovary cells are treated with cycloheximide (10 μg/ml) or puromycin (100 μg/ml) for 2 h before and during heating at 43°C for 3 h, there is protection from hyperthermic killing; i.e. the plating efficiency increases 2000-fold from 3.7 × 10⁻⁵ to (6–9) × 10⁻².

2. 2.|The total intracellular levels of spermidine and spermine are not altered by the hyperthermic or drug treatments.

3. 3.|The small 30% decrease in intracellular putrescine observed after heating is not altered by drug treatment.

4. 4.|Heat protection by treatment with cycloheximide or puromycin cannot be attributed to changes in levels of total intracellular polyamines.

Production of colonization factor antigen II of enterotoxigenicEscherichia coli is subject to catabolite repression

Experiments were performed to study the effect of glucose on the production of the fimbrial colonization factor CFA/II of enterotoxigenicEscherichia coli (ETEC). The production of the CFA/II antigen was examined by electron microscopy, quantitative ELISA, and hemagglutination. The results showed that addition of 1% glucose to the growth medium drastically decreased CFA/II production, whereas addition of glycerol or sodium acetate did not have any effect. Bacteria grown in the presence of 1% glucose were essentially devoid of CFA/II fimbriae when examined under the electron microscope. Addition of 1 mM cAMP reversed the repressive effect of glucose, suggesting that the glucose suppression on CFA/II synthesis is via the mechanism of catabolite repression.     

Effects of various experimental manipulations on neostriatal acetylcholine and dopamine release

The release of endogenous acetylcholine and dopamine and the appearance of their metabolites, choline and dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC), from neostriatal slices prepared from Fischer 344 rats was examined under various experimental conditions. There was a dose-dependent increase in the amount of neurotransmitter or metabolite as the medium potassium concentration was increased from 5 to 50 mM. Over an eight minute period in Krebs Ringer bicarbonate buffer containing 25 mM potassium, the rate of release of acetylcholine was 6 to 13 times greater than that of dopamine. The dopamine endogenous to the slice preparation appeared to have little effect on the release of endogenous acetylcholine since manipulations that significantly altered dopamine release (depletion with 6-hydroxydopamine or uptake inhibition with nomifensine) had minimal effects on the cholinergic neurons. In contrast, increasing the endogenous acetylcholine in the preparation by inhibiting acetylcholinesterase resulted in a 1.2 to 12 fold increase in dopamine release depending upon the incubation time and the potassium concentration. These studies indicate that within the neostriatal slices there is minimal influence of the endogenous dopamine on the cholinergic neurons, whereas the extracellular acetylcholine can influence dopamine release when its concentration is increased by inhibition of acetylcholinesterase.     

A nonisotopic method for determination of the in vivo activities of tyrosine hydroxylase in the rat adrenal gland

A rapid and reliable method for determination of in vivo activities of tyrosine hydroxylase in the rat adrenal gland is presented. This method involves determining the rate of accumulation of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (Dopa) in the adrenal gland after decarboxylase inhibition by NSD 1015, using HPLC with electrochemical detection after purification of the acid-deproteinized tissue extract with Bio-Rex 70 columns followed by alumina batch method. Purification of the sample with alumina adsorption alone, a method usually used for purification of catecholamines and Dopa, was ineffective: epinephrine and norepinephrine, which are present in high concentrations, interfered with an accurate determination of Dopa, and dopamine, which is retained strongly on the reverse-phase column, interfered with a rapid analysis. Purification with Sephadex G-10 columns followed by alumina adsorption was also ineffective. After purification with columns of weak cation-exchange resins such as Bio-Rex 70 or Amberlite CG-50 followed by alumina adsorption, most of the epinephrine and norepinephrine was removed and dopamine was eliminated. Thus a rapid and accurate determination of Dopa could be made. Of the two cation exchangers, Bio-Rex 70 was more effective. Accumulation of Dopa in the adrenal gland was linear up to 30 min after administration of NSD 1015 and a plateau was reached with doses over 10 mg/kg. Using this method, we investigated the effects of immobilization stress, reserpine, and hypoxia on in vivo activities of tyrosine hydroxylase in the adrenal gland.     

Nucleotide sequence analysis of tetracycline resistance gene tetO from Streptococcus mutans DL5.

Streptococcus mutans DL5, isolated from the dental plaque of a pig, was resistant to high levels of streptomycin (Sm, 20 mg/ml), erythromycin (Em, 1 mg/ml), and tetracycline (Tc, greater than 100 micrograms/ml), but contained no detectable plasmid DNA. The Smr and Emr determinants were cloned from cellular DNA on the self-replicating 5-kilobase-pair (kbp) EcoRI fragment of pAM beta 1 and the 4.2-kbp cryptic plasmid pVA380-1, respectively, by transformation of Streptococcus sanguis Challis. Helper plasmid cloning, with a Challis host containing pVA380-1, was required to clone the Tcr determinant of strain DL5 on this vector. A single-colony isolate of the original Tcr clone contained a hybrid plasmid, pDL421, composed of 2.6 kbp of vector DNA and 11.4 kbp of S. mutans DNA. Plasmid pDL421 did not hybridize to plasmids containing the streptococcal Tcr determinants tetL, tetM, and tetN. A shortened derivative of this hybrid plasmid, pDL422, missing a 4.9-kbp HincII fragment from the S. mutans DNA but still encoding Tcr, was obtained by subcloning in S. sanguis Challis. The Tcr gene was located in a 1,917-base-pair open reading frame (ORF) corresponding to a 72-kilodalton protein. The ORF exhibited 99.4% sequence identity with the 1,917-base-pair tetO gene from a strain of Campylobacter coli (W. Sougakoff, B. Papadopoulou, P. Nordmann, and P. Courvalin, FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 44:153-160, 1987). A 1.67-kbp NdeI fragment, internal to the ORF from strain DL5, as well as pDL421 hybridized under stringent conditions to DNA from 10 of 10 Tcr strains of C. coli and Campylobacter jejuni from human and animal sources, but not to DNA from Tcs isolates of these two species.     

Factors promoting survival of bacteria in chlorinated water supplies.

Results of our experiments showed that the attachment of bacteria to surfaces provided the greatest increase in disinfection resistance. Attachment of unencapsulated Klebsiella pneumoniae grown in medium with high levels of nutrients to glass microscope slides afforded the microorganisms as much as a 150-fold increase in disinfection resistance. Other mechanisms which increased disinfection resistance included the age of the biofilm, bacterial encapsulation, and previous growth conditions (e.g., growth medium and growth temperature). These factors increased resistance to chlorine from 2- to 10-fold. The choice of disinfectant residual was shown to influence the type of resistance mechanism observed. Disinfection by free chlorine was affected by surfaces, age of the biofilm, encapsulation, and nutrient effects. Disinfection by monochloramine, however, was only affected by surfaces. Importantly, results showed that these resistance mechanisms were multiplicative (i.e., the resistance provided by one mechanism could be multiplied by the resistance provided by a second mechanism).     

Effect of anaerobic digestion on oocysts of the protozoan Eimeria tenella.

The effect of anaerobic digestion of poultry waste on oocysts of the protozoan Eimeria tenella, a common enteric pathogen that causes coccidiosis in poultry, was investigated in this study. Thermophilic (50 degrees C) and mesophilic (35 degrees C) anaerobic digestors, with poultry manure as the substrate, were inoculated with the oocysts. The oocysts were damaged during anaerobic digestion, as determined by morphological change and loss of their ability to sporulate. The recovered oocysts were tested for their infectivity in young chicks, as measured by body weight gain, mortality, and cecal lesions. Oocysts lost all their infectivity during thermophilic digestion, while oocysts subjected to mesophilic digestion remained moderately infective in comparison with untreated oocysts, which produced severe coccidiosis, high mortality, and low body weight gain in chicks. Oocysts were inactivated at 50 degrees C when they were suspended in digestor fluid or saline. Inactivation at 35 degrees C was significantly stronger in the digestor fluid than in the saline, which implied that factors other than temperature were involved in the lethal effect of anaerobic digestion on protozoan oocysts. In this study we demonstrated that the treatment of animal waste by anaerobic digestion, especially at a thermophilic temperature, has the benefits of pathogen control and protection of human and animal health in a farm environment.