Membrane interactions between secretion granules and plasmalemma in three exocrine glands

Three types of membrane interactions were studied in three exocrine systems (the acinar cells of the rat parotid, rat lacrimal gland, and guinea pig pancrease) by freeze- fracture and thin-section electron microscopy: exocytosis, induced in vivo by specific pharmacological stimulations; the mutual apposition of secretory granule membranes in the intact cell; membrane appositions induced in vitro by centrifugation of the isolated granules. In all three glandular cells, the distribution of intramembrane particles (IMP) on the fracture faces of the luminal plasmagranule membrane particles (IMP) on the fracture faces of the lumenal plasmalemma appeared random before stimulation. However, after injection of secretagogues, IMP were rapidly clearly from the areas of granule- plasmalemma apposition in the parotid cells and, especially, in lacrimocytes. In the latter, the cleared areas appeared as large bulges toward the lumen, whereas in the parotid they were less pronounced. Exocytotic openings were usually large and the fracture faces of their rims were covered with IMP. In contrast, in stimulated pancreatic acinar cells, the IMP distribution remained apparently random after stimulation. Exocytoses were established through the formation of narrown necks, and no images which might correspond to early stages of membrane fusion were revealed. Within the cytoplasm of parotid and lacrimal cells (but not in the pancreas), both at rest and after stimulation, secretion granules were often closely apposed by means of flat, circular areas, also devoid of IMP. In thin sections, the images corresponding to IMP-free areas were close granule-granule and granule-plasmalemma appositions, sometimes with focal merging of the membrane outer layers to yield pentalaminar structures. Isolated secretion granules were forced together in vitro by centrifugation. Under these conditions, increasing the centrifugal force from 1,600 to 50,000 g for 10 min resulted in a progressive, statistically significant increase of the frequency of IMP-free flat appositions between parotid granules. In contrast, no such areas were seen between freeze-fractured pancreatic granules, although some focal pentalaminar appositions appeared in section after centrifugation at 50 and 100,000 g for 10 min. On the basis of the observation that, in secretory cells, IMP clearing always develops in deformed membrane areas (bulges, depressions, flat areas), it is suggested that it might result from the forced mechanical apposition of the interacting membranes. This might be a preliminary process not sufficient to initiate fusion. In the pancreas, IMP clearing could occur over surface areas too small to be detected. In stimulated parotid and lacrimal glands they were exceptional. These structures were either attached at the sites of continuity between granule and plasma membranes, or free in the acinar lumen, with a preferential location within exocytotic pockets or in their proximity. Experiments designed to investigate the nature of these blisters and vesicles revealed that they probably arise artifactually during glutaraldehyde fixation. In fact, (a) they were large and numerous in poorly fixed samples but were never observed in thin sections of specimens fixed in one step with glutaraldehyde and OsO(4); and (b) no increase in concentration of phospholipids was observed in the parotid saliva and pancreatic juice after stimulation of protein discharge, as was to be expected if release of membrane material were occurring after exocytosis.     

Control of activity states of heart mitochondrial ATPase. Role of the proton-motive force and Ca2+

The ATPase complex of submitochondrial particles exhibits activity transitions that are controlled by the natural ATPase inhibitor (Gómez-Puyou, A., Tuena de Gómez-Puyou, M. and Ernster, L. (1979) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 547, 252–257). The ATPase of intact heart mitochondria also shows reversible activity transitions; the activation reaction is induced by the establishment of electrochemical gradients, whilst the inactivation reaction is driven by collapse of the gradient. In addition it has been observed that the influx of Ca²⁺ into the mitochondria induces a rapid inactivation of the ATPase; this could be due to the transient collapse of the membrane potential in addition to a favorable effect of Ca²⁺-ATP on the association of the ATPase inhibitor peptide to F₁-ATPase. This action of Ca²⁺ may explain why mitochondria utilize respiratory energy for the transport of Ca²⁺ in preference to phosphorylation. It is concluded that the mitochondrial ATPase inhibitor protein may exert a fundamental regulatory function in the utilization of electrochemical gradients.     

Cytochromes c-556 from three genetic races of Agrobacterium. Purification and comparison of their properties

1. The soluble cytochromes c-556 from three strains of Agrobacterium tumefaciens, B6, II Chrys and Apple 185 have been purified to homogeneity. The strains are representative members of the three main genetic races of Agrobacterium. The purity of the final preparations was established by electrophoresis with an without sodium dodecyl sulphate, by analytical isoelectric focusing and ultracentrifugation, and by N-terminal analysis. 2. Properties of these cytochromes were compared wih those of cytochrome c-556 from A. tumefaciens, strain B2a, a member of the same genetic race as strain B6. The four cytochromes are monohaem proteins with molecular weights of about 12300 (determined by four different methods). The isoelectric points of those from strains B6 and B2a are identical at pH 5.5, but they differ from the cytochromes of the other genetic races: cytochrome c-556 from strain Apple 185 is more acidic (ph 5.2) and that from strain II Chrys more basic (pH 6.2). The cytochromes from strains b6 and B2a have very similar but not identical amino acid compositions; both of them differ more from Apple 185 than from II Chrys c-556. 3. Comparison of the tryptic, chymotryptic and thermolytic fingerprints of cytochrome c-556 from strains B2a and II Chrys reveals strong homology between the primary structures of these cytochromes. Therefore and because of the sequence identity of the first eight residues, the cytochromes c-556 from strains II Chrys, B6 and B2a are most likely C-terminal haem-bound, of the same type as the cytochrome c' from photosynthetic bacteria.     

Thiaisoleucine and protein synthesis.

Thiaisoleucine is an isoleucine analogue having the gamma-methylene group of the valerianic carbon chain substituted by a sulphur atom. It has been demonstrated that thiaisoleucine is activated and transferred to tRNAIle by rat liver aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase and inhibits isoleucine incorporation into polypeptides in protein synthesizing systems from rat liver or rabbit reticulocytes, whereas it does not affect either leucine incorporation or ribosome run-off or polypeptide chain elongation rate. All tests were performed in comparison with O-methyl-threonine, an isoleucine analogue with the gamma-methylene group substituted by an oxygen atom. In all the reactions studied, both thiaisoleucine and O-methyl-threonine act as competitive inhibitors of isoleucine. With respect to O-methyl-threonine, thiaisoleucine shows higher activity as an isoleucine inhibitor.     

A difference between two strains of rats in their liver non-haem iron content and in their response to the porphyrogenic effect of hexachlorobenzene.

Female Agus rats developed hepatic porphyria at a much faster rate than female Porton-Wistar rats when fed a diet containing 0.01% of hexachlorobenzene (HCB). They also showed a greater inhibition of liver uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase [EC 4.1.1.37] activity and a marked stimulation of 5-aminolaevulinate synthetase [EC 2.3.1.37]. The difference between the two strains could not be correlated with differences in the liver concentrations of HCB. However, control Agus rats were found to possess significantly higher levels of total non-haem iron in their livers than the Porton animals. This was particularly apparent after 24 h of starvation and is further evidence for the involvement of iron in the pathogenesis of HCB-induced porphyria. The posterior lobes of the livers from the Agus rats given HCB became porphyric more slowly than the remainder with less severe inhibition of uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase. In contrast to their increased susceptibility to HCB, the Agus rats were less susceptible to another prophyrogenic agent, 3,5-diethoxycarbonyl-1,4-dihydrocollidine.     

Stimulation of the initiation of DNA synthesis and cell division in several cultured mouse cell types : Effect of growth-promoting hormones and nutrients

The ability of prostaglandin F_2α (PGF_2α) and other prostaglandins to stimulate the initiation of DNA synthesis in quiescent cultures of various mouse fibroblastic cell types has been investigated. PGF_2α was found to be more effective than the other prostaglandins. Most cell types, with the exception of BALB/c 3T3, responded to PGF_2α. Addition of PGF_2α in combination with insulin resulted in a synergistic increase in the proportion of cells synthesizing DNA. The effect of nutrients on the stimulation of the initiation of DNA synthesis has been examined in detail; it was found that Swiss 3T3 cells showed a requirement for hypoxanthine and vitamin B₁₂ whereas Swiss 3T6 cells demonstrated a stringent requirement for vitamin B₁₂ only. The effect of prostaglandin precursors, synthetic analogues of the prostaglandin endoperoxides and inhibitors of prostaglandin synthesis was also examined in two cell types. The effect of PGF_2α was compared with that of two polypeptide growth factors, epidermal growth factor (EGF) and fibroblast growth factor (FGF) in Swiss 3T6 cells grown in 0.0025% (v/v) serum. In combination with insulin each of these three growth factors stimulated the initiation of DNA synthesis in approximately the same number of cells.     

Mutations of Chinese Hamster Somatic Cells from 2-Deoxygalactose Sensitivity to Resistance

In Chinese hamster somatic cells, the spontaneous change of phenotype from 2-deoxygalactose sensitivity to resistance was studied using fluctuation test experiments à la Luria and Delbrück (1943) for four Chinese hamster cell strains derived from V79. The results are consistent with true mutational events. The mutation rates are in the range of 1 to 3.5 X 10(-5) per cell per generation. The relationship between the 2-deoxyglactose resistance and the galactokinase markers is discussed.     

Effect of metabolic control on urinary excretion and plasma levels of catecholamines in diabetics.

Urinary excretion and plasma levels of catecholamines were determined in 20 normal and 39 diabetic subjects to evaluate the sympathetic activity. Diabetic patients were divided into 4 groups according to the metabolic control. Sympathetic activity showed no differences between normal and subjects with chemical diabetes (group I, n = 5). In insulin-treated diabetics in good metabolic control (group II, n = 11) only urinary excretion of free norepinephrine was significantly higher than normals (p less than .05). In insulin-treated diabetics in poor metabolic control (group III, n = 16) urinary excretion and plasma levels of norepinephrine showed a marked increase over groups I and II (p less than .001). In insulin-treated diabetics with ketosis (group IV, n = 7) urinary excretion and plasma levels of both norepinephrine and epinephrine showed the highest values (p less than .001 and less than .1). Finally, in groups III and IV, after achieving improved metabolic control, a significant decrease of urinary excretion and plasma levels of catecholamines was observed. The results confirm that there is an increased rate of catecholamine release in poorly controlled diabeties and suggest a close correlation between sympathetic activity and metabolic derangement in diabetes.     

Synthesis and chromatographic properties of Se-carboxymethyl-selenohomocysteamine (2-carboxymethyl, 3-aminopropyl selenide)

Details are reported for the synthesis of Se-carboxymethylselenohomocysteamine from selenohomocysteamine and monochloroacetic acid. Data on its behaviour on paper and ion-exchange chromatography are also reported, which allow its identification.