全文获取类型
收费全文 | 886篇 |
免费 | 46篇 |
国内免费 | 2篇 |
出版年
2024年 | 1篇 |
2023年 | 9篇 |
2022年 | 16篇 |
2021年 | 26篇 |
2020年 | 16篇 |
2019年 | 16篇 |
2018年 | 24篇 |
2017年 | 21篇 |
2016年 | 35篇 |
2015年 | 47篇 |
2014年 | 69篇 |
2013年 | 79篇 |
2012年 | 85篇 |
2011年 | 87篇 |
2010年 | 44篇 |
2009年 | 42篇 |
2008年 | 73篇 |
2007年 | 51篇 |
2006年 | 43篇 |
2005年 | 36篇 |
2004年 | 24篇 |
2003年 | 27篇 |
2002年 | 17篇 |
2001年 | 2篇 |
2000年 | 2篇 |
1999年 | 4篇 |
1998年 | 1篇 |
1997年 | 3篇 |
1996年 | 3篇 |
1995年 | 6篇 |
1994年 | 1篇 |
1993年 | 4篇 |
1992年 | 1篇 |
1989年 | 1篇 |
1985年 | 1篇 |
1984年 | 1篇 |
1982年 | 2篇 |
1980年 | 1篇 |
1979年 | 2篇 |
1978年 | 1篇 |
1977年 | 1篇 |
1976年 | 1篇 |
1975年 | 1篇 |
1974年 | 1篇 |
1973年 | 2篇 |
1971年 | 3篇 |
1969年 | 1篇 |
排序方式: 共有934条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
121.
122.
Taxon sampling and seed plant phylogeny 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Catarina Rydin Mari Källersjö 《Cladistics : the international journal of the Willi Hennig Society》2002,18(5):485-513
We investigated the effects of taxon sampling on phylogenetic inference by exchanging terminals in two sizes of rbcL matrices for seed plants, applying parsimony and bayesian analyses to ten 38‐taxon matrices and ten 80‐taxon matrices. In comparing tree topologies we concentrated on the position of the Gnetales, an important group whose placement has long been disputed. With either method, trees obtained from different taxon samples could be mutually contradictory and even disagree on groups that seemed strongly supported. Adding terminals improved the consistency of results for unweighted parsimony, but not for parsimony with third positions excluded and not for bayesian analysis, particularly when the general time‐reversible model was employed. This suggests that attempting to resolve deep relationships using only a few taxa can lead to spurious conclusions, groupings unlikely to be repeatable with different taxon samplings or larger data sets. The effect of taxon sampling has not generally been recognized, and phylogenetic studies of seed plants have often been based on few taxa. Such insufficient sampling may help explain the variety of phylogenetic hypotheses for seed plants proposed in recent years. We recommend that restricted data sets such as single‐gene subsets of multigene studies should be reanalyzed with alternative selections of terminals to assess topological consistency. 相似文献
123.
Nuno Santos Catarina Santos Teresa Valente Christian Gortázar Virgílio Almeida Margarida Correia-Neves 《PloS one》2015,10(11)
Environmental contamination with Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTC) has been considered crucial for bovine tuberculosis persistence in multi-host-pathogen systems. However, MTC contamination has been difficult to detect due to methodological issues. In an attempt to overcome this limitation we developed an improved protocol for the detection of MTC DNA. MTC DNA concentration was estimated by the Most Probable Number (MPN) method. Making use of this protocol we showed that MTC contamination is widespread in different types of environmental samples from the Iberian Peninsula, which supports indirect transmission as a contributing mechanism for the maintenance of bovine tuberculosis in this multi-host-pathogen system. The proportion of MTC DNA positive samples was higher in the bovine tuberculosis-infected than in presumed negative area (0.32 and 0.18, respectively). Detection varied with the type of environmental sample and was more frequent in sediment from dams and less frequent in water also from dams (0.22 and 0.05, respectively). The proportion of MTC-positive samples was significantly higher in spring (p<0.001), but MTC DNA concentration per sample was higher in autumn and lower in summer. The average MTC DNA concentration in positive samples was 0.82 MPN/g (CI95 0.70–0.98 MPN/g). We were further able to amplify a DNA sequence specific of Mycobacterium bovis/caprae in 4 environmental samples from the bTB-infected area. 相似文献
124.
125.
Deborah Hemming Dan Yakir Per Ambus Mika Aurela Cathy Besson Kevin Black Nina Buchmann Regis Burlett Alessandro Cescatti Robert Clement Patrick Gross Andr Granier Thomas Grünwald Katarina Havrankova Dalibor Janous Ivan A. Janssens Alexander Knohl Barbara K
stner Andrew Kowalski Tuomas Laurila Catarina Mata Barbara Marcolla Giorgio Matteucci John Moncrieff Eddy J. Moors Bruce Osborne Joo Santos Pereira Mari Pihlatie Kim Pilegaard Francesca Ponti Zuzana Rosova Federica Rossi Andrea Scartazza Timo Vesala 《Global Change Biology》2005,11(7):1065-1093
We present carbon stable isotope, δ13C, results from air and organic matter samples collected during 98 individual field campaigns across a network of Carboeuroflux forest sites in 2001 (14 sites) and 2002 (16 sites). Using these data, we tested the hypothesis that δ13C values derived from large‐scale atmospheric measurements and models, which are routinely used to partition carbon fluxes between land and ocean, and potentially between respiration and photosynthesis on land, are consistent with directly measured ecosystem‐scale δ13C values. In this framework, we also tested the potential of δ13C in canopy air and plant organic matter to record regional‐scale ecophysiological patterns. Our network estimates for the mean δ13C of ecosystem respired CO2 and the related ‘discrimination’ of ecosystem respiration, δer and Δer, respectively, were ?25.6±1.9‰ and 17.8 ±2.0‰ in 2001 and ?26.6±1.5‰ and 19.0±1.6‰ in 2002. The results were in close agreement with δ13C values derived from regional‐scale atmospheric measurement programs for 2001, but less so in 2002, which had an unusual precipitation pattern. This suggests that regional‐scale atmospheric sampling programs generally capture ecosystem δ13C signals over Europe, but may be limited in capturing some of the interannual variations. In 2001, but less so in 2002, there were discernable longitudinal and seasonal trends in δer. From west to east, across the network, there was a general enrichment in 13C (~3‰ and ~1‰ for the 2 years, respectively) consistent with increasing Gorczynski continentality index for warmer and drier conditions. In 2001 only, seasonal 13C enrichment between July and September, followed by depletion in November (from about ?26.0‰ to ?24.5‰ to ?30.0‰), was also observed. In 2001, July and August δer values across the network were significantly related to average daytime vapor pressure deficit (VPD), relative humidity (RH), and, to a lesser degree, air temperature (Ta), but not significantly with monthly average precipitation (Pm). In contrast, in 2002 (a much wetter peak season), δer was significantly related with Ta, but not significantly with VPD and RH. The important role of plant physiological processes on δer in 2001 was emphasized by a relatively rapid turnover (between 1 and 6 days) of assimilated carbon inferred from time‐lag analyses of δer vs. meteorological parameters. However, this was not evident in 2002. These analyses also noted corresponding diurnal cycles of δer and meteorological parameters in 2001, indicating a rapid transmission of daytime meteorology, via physiological responses, to the δer signal during this season. Organic matter δ13C results showed progressive 13C enrichment from leaves, through stems and roots to soil organic matter, which may be explained by 13C fractionation during respiration. This enrichment was species dependent and was prominent in angiosperms but not in gymnosperms. δ13C values of organic matter of any of the plant components did not well represent short‐term δer values during the seasonal cycle, and could not be used to partition ecosystem respiration into autotrophic and heterotrophic components. 相似文献
126.
Some Mexican cacti of the genera Ariocarpus, Mammillaria, Obregonia, Pelecyphora, Solisia and Turbinicarpus have been studied with respect to their alkaloids and ethnobotany. Seven previously known cactus alkaloids were identified. N,N-Dimethyl-4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenethylamine was found to occur in Ariocarpus agavoides. In Pelecyphora aselliformis N,N-dimethyl-3-hydroxy-4, 5-dimethoxyphenethylamine was identified as the major alkaloid. The possible relationship between the vernacular names of these plants and their alkaloid content is discusse. 相似文献
127.
128.
Laura Tatjer Almudena Sacristán-Reviriego Carlos Casado Asier González Boris Rodríguez-Porrata Lorena Palacios David Canadell Albert Serra-Cardona Humberto Martín María Molina Joaquín Ari?o 《Genetics》2016,202(1):141-156
The Saccharomyces cerevisiae type 2C protein phosphatase Ptc1 is required for a wide variety of cellular functions, although only a few cellular targets have been identified. A genetic screen in search of mutations in protein kinase–encoding genes able to suppress multiple phenotypic traits caused by the ptc1 deletion yielded a single gene, MKK1, coding for a MAPK kinase (MAPKK) known to activate the cell-wall integrity (CWI) Slt2 MAPK. In contrast, mutation of the MKK1 paralog, MKK2, had a less significant effect. Deletion of MKK1 abolished the increased phosphorylation of Slt2 induced by the absence of Ptc1 both under basal and CWI pathway stimulatory conditions. We demonstrate that Ptc1 acts at the level of the MAPKKs of the CWI pathway, but only the Mkk1 kinase activity is essential for ptc1 mutants to display high Slt2 activation. We also show that Ptc1 is able to dephosphorylate Mkk1
in vitro. Our results reveal the preeminent role of Mkk1 in signaling through the CWI pathway and strongly suggest that hyperactivation of Slt2 caused by upregulation of Mkk1 is at the basis of most of the phenotypic defects associated with lack of Ptc1 function. 相似文献
129.
Sally C. Y. Lau Jan M. Strugnell Chester J. Sands Catarina N. S. Silva Nerida G. Wilson 《Ecology and evolution》2021,11(23):17428
The drivers behind evolutionary innovations such as contrasting life histories and morphological change are central questions of evolutionary biology. However, the environmental and ecological contexts linked to evolutionary innovations are generally unclear. During the Pleistocene glacial cycles, grounded ice sheets expanded across the Southern Ocean continental shelf. Limited ice‐free areas remained, and fauna were isolated from other refugial populations. Survival in Southern Ocean refugia could present opportunities for ecological adaptation and evolutionary innovation. Here, we reconstructed the phylogeographic patterns of circum‐Antarctic brittle stars Ophionotus victoriae and O. hexactis with contrasting life histories (broadcasting vs brooding) and morphology (5 vs 6 arms). We examined the evolutionary relationship between the two species using cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) data. COI data suggested that O. victoriae is a single species (rather than a species complex) and is closely related to O. hexactis (a separate species). Since their recent divergence in the mid‐Pleistocene, O. victoriae and O. hexactis likely persisted differently throughout glacial maxima, in deep‐sea and Antarctic island refugia, respectively. Genetic connectivity, within and between the Antarctic continental shelf and islands, was also observed and could be linked to the Antarctic Circumpolar Current and local oceanographic regimes. Signatures of a probable seascape corridor linking connectivity between the Scotia Sea and Prydz Bay are also highlighted. We suggest that survival in Antarctic island refugia was associated with increase in arm number and a switch from broadcast spawning to brooding in O. hexactis, and propose that it could be linked to environmental changes (such as salinity) associated with intensified interglacial‐glacial cycles. 相似文献
130.
Quartaroli Larissa Silva Lívia C. Fidélis Silva Claudio Mudadu Lima Helena Santiago de Paula Sergio Oliveira de Oliveira Valéria Maia de Cássia S. da Silva Marliane Kasuya Maria Catarina M. de Sousa Maíra Paula Torres Ana Paula R. Souza Rodrigo Suhett Bassin João Paulo da Silva Cynthia Canêdo 《Applied microbiology and biotechnology》2017,101(2):859-870
Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology - Water generated during oil exploration is chemically complex and contains high concentrations of ammonium and, in some cases, high salinity. The most common... 相似文献