Observations of daytime births in two groups of red-handed howlers (Alouatta belzebul) on an island in the Tucuruí reservoir in eastern Brazilian Amazonia

Births were observed in two free-ranging groups of red-handed howlers (Alouatta belzebul) in eastern Brazilian Amazonia. Both events occurred in the early afternoon, and were relatively rapid and discrete. No other group members approached the females during parturition, nor attempted to interfere with the neonate in any way. Only one of the mothers ingested the placenta. This same female carried the neonate ventrally during the first month of life and then it was carried dorsally. The other infant was carried by its mother in a dorsal position from birth onward. Both infants survived their first month, but subsequently disappeared, in the second and fourth months of life. The precise causes of their death are unknown. In one case, we speculate that the infant's death was due to infestation by botfly larvae.     

Direct and indirect landscape effects on Quercus ilex regeneration in heterogeneous environments

Understanding how plant–animal interactions shape plant regeneration is traditionally examined at local scales. In contrast, landscape ecologists working at regional scales often have to infer the mechanisms underlying vegetation patterns. In this study, we empirically explored how landscape attributes (patch connectivity, size, shape, irradiance, slope, and elevation) influence biotic interactions in 1- and 2-year seedlings and saplings of Quercus ilex. We combined field data and GIS-based information under a set of five connectivity scenarios, presuming low, intermediate, and long-distance seed dispersal. Our study emphasizes that landscape, apart from its direct effects on plants, plays a key, albeit indirect, role in plant demography through its effects on seed dispersers and predators. Moreover, the effects of landscape on recruitment differed between plant life stages. One-year seedlings and saplings appear to depend more on plant–animal interactions, while 2-year seedlings depend more on irradiance. Differences in patch connectivity resulted in direct and indirect effects on biotic interactions, which, in turn, produced contrasting positive and negative effects on regeneration at different stages of the life cycle. While jays and wild boars seem crucial to all life stages and most of the connectivity scenarios, rodents and herbivores affected only 1-year seedlings and saplings, respectively, and only a few of the connectivity scenarios. By simultaneously including an ensemble of explanatory factors, our study emphasizes that regeneration depends on a set of key drivers, both abiotic (i.e. irradiance) and biotic (i.e. jays and wild boars), whose effects are greatly modulated by landscape traits.     

Macular Microcysts in Mitochondrial Optic Neuropathies: Prevalence and Retinal Layer Thickness Measurements

Purpose

To investigate the thickness of the retinal layers and to assess the prevalence of macular microcysts (MM) in the inner nuclear layer (INL) of patients with mitochondrial optic neuropathies (MON).

Methods

All patients with molecularly confirmed MON, i.e. Leber’s Hereditary Optic Neuropathy (LHON) and Dominant Optic Atrophy (DOA), referred between 2010 and 2012 were enrolled. Eight patients with MM were compared with two control groups: MON patients without MM matched by age, peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness, and visual acuity, as well as age-matched controls. Retinal segmentation was performed using specific Optical coherence tomography (OCT) software (Carl Zeiss Meditec). Macular segmentation thickness values of the three groups were compared by one-way analysis of variance with Bonferroni post hoc corrections.

Results

MM were identified in 5/90 (5.6%) patients with LHON and 3/58 (5.2%) with DOA. The INL was thicker in patients with MON compared to controls regardless of the presence of MM [133.1±7μm vs 122.3±9μm in MM patients (p<0.01) and 128.5±8μm vs. 122.3±9μm in no-MM patients (p<0.05)], however the outer nuclear layer (ONL) was thicker in patients with MM (101.4±1mμ) compared to patients without MM [77.5±8mμ (p<0.001)] and controls [78.4±7mμ (p<0.001)]. ONL thickness did not significantly differ between patients without MM and controls.

Conclusion

The prevalence of MM in MON is low (5-6%), but associated with ONL thickening. We speculate that in MON patients with MM, vitreo-retinal traction contributes to the thickening of ONL as well as to the production of cystic spaces.     

EGb761 Blocks MPP+-Induced Lipid Peroxidation in Mouse Corpus Striatum

EGb761 has been suggested to be an antioxidant and free radical scavenger. Excess generation of free radicals, leading to lipid peroxidation (LP), has been proposed to play a role in the damage to striatal neurons induced by 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP⁺). We investigated the effects of EGb761 pretreatment on MPP⁺ neurotoxicity. C-57 black mice were pretreated with EGb761 for 17 days at different doses (0.63, 1.25, 2.5, 5 or 10 mg/kg) followed by administration of MPP⁺, (0.18, 0.36 or 0.72 mg/kg). LP was analyzed in corpus striatum at 30 min, 1 h, 2 h and 24 h after MPP⁺ administration. Striatal dopamine content was analyzed by HPLC at the highest EGb761 dose at 2 h and 24 h after MPP⁺ administration. MPP⁺-induced LP was blocked (100%) by EGb761 (10 mg/kg). Pretreatment with EGb761 partially prevented (32%) the dopamine-depleting effect of MPP⁺ at 24 h. These results suggest that supplements of EGb761 may be effective at preventing MPP⁺-induced oxidative stress.     

Inhibition of platelets and tumor cell adhesion by the disintegrin domain of human ADAM9 to collagen I under dynamic flow conditions

This work aimed to investigate the role of the disintegrin domain of the human ADAM9 (ADAM9D) on the adhesion of breast tumor cells and platelets to collagen I, in a dynamic flow assay to simulate in vivo shear conditions. Recombinant ADAM9D was able to support tumor cell adhesion through binding to the β1 integrin subunit and also to inhibit the invasion through matrigel in vitro. In a dynamic flow assay ADAM9D inhibited about 75% and 65% of MDA-MB-231 tumor cells and platelet adhesion to collagen I, respectively. In addition, it was demonstrated that αVβ3 integrin is new interacting partner for ADAM9D. In conclusion, these results suggest a role for the disintegrin domain of ADAM9 in the metastatic process. Also, ADAM9D may be a tool for investigating the role of ADAMs in metastasis and cancer progression and for the design of selective inhibitors against the adhesion and extravasation of cancer cells.     

3-hydroxy fatty acids found in capsules of Cryptococcus neoformans

Using immunofluorescence confocal laser scanning microscopy, immunogold transmission electron microscopy and gas chromatography--mass spectrometry, we demonstrated the presence of 3-hydroxy fatty acids in Cryptococcus neoformans. Our results suggest that these oxylipins accumulate in capsules where they are released as hydrophobic droplets through tubular protuberances into the surrounding medium.     

Antidepressant-like effect of a Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb761) in the mouse forced swimming test: role of oxidative stress

EGb761 is a well-defined mixture of active compounds extracted from Ginkgo biloba leaves. This extract is used clinically due to its neuroprotective effects, exerted probably via its potent antioxidant or free radical scavenger action. Previous studies suggest that oxidative stress, via free radical production, may play an important role in depression and animal models for depression-like behavior. Preclinical studies have suggested that antioxidants may have antidepressants properties. The aim of this study was to investigate the antidepressant-like of EGb761 due to its antioxidant role against oxidative stress induced in the forced swimming test, the most widely used preclinical model for assessing antidepressant-like behavior. Male BALB/c mice were pretreated with EGb761 (10 mg/kg, ip) daily for 17 days followed by the forced swimming test and spontaneous locomotor activity. Animals were sacrificed to evaluate lipid peroxidation, different antioxidant enzyme activities, serotonin and dopamine content in midbrain, hippocampus and prefrontal cortex. EGb761 significantly decreased the immobility time (39%) in the forced swimming test. This antidepressant-like effect of EGb761 was associated with a reduction in lipid peroxidation and superoxide radical production (indicated by a downregulation of Mn-superoxide dismutase activity), both of which are indicators of oxidative stress. The protective effect of EGb761 is not related to excitatory or inhibitory effects in locomotor activity, and was also associated with the modulation of serotonergic and dopaminergic neurotransmission. It is suggested that EGb761 produces an antidepressant-like effect, and that an antioxidant effect against oxidative stress may be partly responsible for its observed neuroprotective effects.     

Comparison of Different Methods for the Evaluation of Treatment Effects from the Sleep EEG of Patients with Major Depression

In healthy subjects, sleep has a typical structure of three to five cyclic transitions between different sleep states. In major depression, this regular pattern is often destroyed but can be reestablished during successful treatment. The differences between healthy and abnormal sleep are generally assessed in a time-consuming process, which consists of determining the nightly variations of the sleep states (the hypnogram) based on visual inspection of the electroencephalogram (EEG), electrooculogram, and electromyogram. In this study, three different methods of sleep EEG analysis (spectrum, outlier, and recurrence analysis) have been examined with regard to their ability to extract information about treatment effects in patients with major depression. Our data suggest that improved sleep patterns during treatment with antidepressant medication can be identified with an appropriate analysis of the EEG. By comparing different methods, we have found that many treatment effects identified by spectrum analysis can be reproduced by the much simpler technique of outlier analysis. Finally, the cyclic structure of sleep and its modification by antidepressant treatment is best illustrated by a non-linear approach, the so-called recurrence method.     

Rubella virus capsid protein interacts with poly(a)-binding protein and inhibits translation

During virus assembly, the capsid proteins of RNA viruses bind to genomic RNA to form nucleocapsids. However, it is now evident that capsid proteins have additional functions that are unrelated to nucleocapsid formation. Specifically, their interactions with cellular proteins may influence signaling pathways or other events that affect virus replication. Here we report that the rubella virus (RV) capsid protein binds to poly(A)-binding protein (PABP), a host cell protein that enhances translational efficiency by circularizing mRNAs. Infection of cells with RV resulted in marked increases in the levels of PABP, much of which colocalized with capsid in the cytoplasm. Mapping studies revealed that capsid binds to the C-terminal half of PABP, which interestingly is the region that interacts with other translation regulators, including PABP-interacting protein 1 (Paip1) and Paip2. The addition of capsid to in vitro translation reaction mixtures inhibited protein synthesis in a dose-dependent manner; however, the capsid block was alleviated by excess PABP, indicating that inhibition of translation occurs through a stoichiometric mechanism. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a viral protein that inhibits protein translation by sequestration of PABP. We hypothesize that capsid-dependent inhibition of translation may facilitate the switch from viral translation to packaging RNA into nucleocapsids.