UDP-Gal: <Emphasis Type="Italic">N</Emphasis>-acetylglucosamine β 1–4 galactosyltransferase expressing live attenuated parasites as vaccine for visceral leishmaniasis

As compared to cutaneous leishmaniasis, vaccination against visceral leishmaniasis (VL) has received limited attention. In this study, we demonstrate for the first time that an UDP-Galactose: N-acetylglucosamine β 1–4 galactosyltransferase (GenBank Accession No. EF159943) expressing attenuated LD clonal population (A-LD) is able to confer protection against the experimental challenge with the virulent LD AG83 parasite. A-LD was also effective in established leishmania infection. The vaccinated animals showed both cell mediated (in vitro T-cell proliferation, and DTH response) and humoral responses (Th1 type). These results demonstrate the potential of the attenuated clones as an immunotherapeutic and immunoprophylactic agent against visceral leishmaniasis.     

Linkage analysis of the murine mos proto-oncogene on chromosome 4

A linkage analysis of the murine Mos gene, which codes for the c-mos proto-oncogene, was performed in 88 backcross progeny of an interspecies cross of laboratory mice and Mus spretus. Linkage was tested for four different genes on mouse chromosome 4: Aco-1, Mup-1, b, and Ifb. The gene order (from centromere) with intervening percentage recombination is Mos-15.9 (+/- 3.9)-Aco-1-5.6 (+/- 2.4)-Mup-1-3.4 (+/- 1.9)-b-5.6 (+/- 2.4)-Ifb. These results confirm the previous assignment of Mos to chromosome 4 on the basis of segregation in somatic cell hybrids (D. Swan et al., 1982, J. Virol. 44: 752-754) and show furthermore that Mos and the Ifa/Ifb clusters are not tightly linked as a group of intronless genes, but are separated by a map distance of 30.6 +/- 4.9 recombination units. The linkage data obtained in the present study place Mos in a region compatible with the physical map (D. W. Threadgill and J. E. Womack, 1988, Genomics 3: 82-86).     

Reactivity of consecutive basic amino acid residues in peptides

Different tetrapeptides of general formula L-Ala-X-X-Gly, possessing a basic doublet in the second and third position (X = Arg or Lys), have been synthesized as free or N-acetylated molecules. The chemical reactivity of the arginine guanidino group and of the lysine epsilon-amino group were studied using respectively the Sakaguchi and the ortho-diacetylbenzene reactions, in the tetrapeptides as well as in related molecules. In both cases, the colour yield is markedly influenced by the length of the polypeptide chain and by the relative positions of the arginine and lysine residues, suggesting the occurrence of intramolecular bonds within the tetrapeptide molecule. Tryptic hydrolysis of the tetrapeptides was followed by evaluating the amino acids or peptides which appear to be specific for the different possible cleavages at the arginyl or at the lysyl bonds. The susceptibility to trypsin of the carboxylic group of the second basic amino acid decreases progressively in the order Lys-Arg greater than Arg-Arg much greater than Lys-Lys greater than Arg-Lys, which shows a fair correlation with the intra-cellular cleavage of the bonds observed during the processing of preproteins of of the precursors of several physiologically active peptides.     

Fluorimetric determination of carbamoyl phosphate

A simple fluorimetric assay for the determination of carbamoyl phosphate in tissue extracts is described. In the assay, production of ATP from carbamoyl phosphate and ADP by carbamate kinase is coupled to the formation of NADPH, using glucose, hexokinase, NADP⁺, and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase. Production of NADPH in this system proved to be equal to the amount of carbamoyl phosphate present.     

Education and timing of parenthood among Canadian women: a cohort analysis.

This research examines factors associated with the timing of first birth in Canada, focusing primarily on the role of women's educational attainment. Proportional hazards modelling techniques are applied to data from the 1984 Canadian Fertility Survey (CFS) in order to determine how educational attainment, estimated as close as possible to the date of first birth, influences the timing of first birth and whether the importance of this variable varies according to age cohorts. The results suggest that among a number of variables useful for distinguishing different levels of risk, educational attainment proves to be the most important predictor in the model. Education exerts a substantial positive influence on birth timing for women of all age groups. As expected, moreover, significant cohort differences are also evident, with the greatest to the smallest impact on the risk from the youngest to the oldest cohorts. These clear-cut cohort differences indicate a fundamental change in the effects of education over time, a trend most likely resulting from substantial changes in both the content and social significance of formal schooling during the past few decades.     

Incidence of cystic fibrosis in Saguenay-Lac-St.-Jean (Quebec, Canada).

The incidence of cystic fibrosis (CF) in Saguenay-Lac-St.-Jean, a geographically isolated region of Quebec, was estimated to be 1 in 902 during the period 1975-1988. The carrier rate was calculated to be 1 in 15 inhabitants. The high incidence of CF in Saguenay-Lac-St.-Jean is probably the result of a founder effect and genetic drift for one or more mutations. Historical, demographic, and social factors also may have contributed to the high incidence.