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81.
Cell-to-cell transfer of glial proteins to the squid giant axon: The glia- neuron protein transfer hypothesis 下载免费PDF全文
The hypothesis that glial cells synthesize proteins which are transferred to adjacent neurons was evaluated in the giant fiber of the squid (Loligo pealei). When giant fibers are separated from their neuron cell bodies and incubated in the presence of radioactive amino acids, labeled proteins appear in the glial cells and axoplasm. Labeled axonal proteins were detected by three methods: extrusion of the axoplasm from the giant fiber, autoradiography, and perfusion of the giant fiber. This protein synthesis is completely inhibited by puromycin but is not affected by chloramphenicol. The following evidence indicates that the labeled axonal proteins are not synthesized within the axon itself. (a) The axon does not contain a significant amount of ribosomes or ribosomal RNA. (b) Isolated axoplasm did not incorporate [(3)H]leucine into proteins. (c) Injection of Rnase into the giant axon did not reduce the appearance of newly synthesized proteins in the axoplasm of the giant fiber. These findings, coupled with other evidence, have led us to conclude that the adaxonal glial cells synthesize a class of proteins which are transferred to the giant axon. Analysis of the kinetics of this phenomenon indicates that some proteins are transferred to the axon within minutes of their synthesis in the glial cells. One or more of the steps in the transfer process appear to involve Ca++, since replacement of extracellular Ca++ by either Mg++ or Co++ significantly reduces the appearance of labeled proteins in the axon. A substantial fraction of newly synthesized glial proteins, possibly as much as 40 percent, are transferred to the giant axon. These proteins are heterogeneous and range in size from 12,000 to greater than 200,000 daltons. Comparisons of the amount of amino acid incorporation in glia cells and neuron cell bodies raise the possibility that the adaxonal glial cells may provide an important source of axonal proteins which is supplemental to that provided by axonal transport from the cell body. These findings are discussed with reference to a possible trophic effect of glia on neurons and metabolic cooperation between adaxonal glia and the axon. 相似文献
82.
1-Deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate synthase, a limiting enzyme for plastidic isoprenoid biosynthesis in plants 总被引:22,自引:0,他引:22
Estévez JM Cantero A Reindl A Reichler S León P 《The Journal of biological chemistry》2001,276(25):22901-22909
The initial step of the plastidic 2C-methyl-D-erythritol 4-phosphate (MEP) pathway that produces isopentenyl diphosphate is catalyzed by 1-deoxy-d-xylulose-5-phosphate synthase. To investigate whether or not 1-deoxy-d-xylulose-5-phosphate synthase catalyzes a limiting step in the MEP pathway in plants, we produced transgenic Arabidopsis plants that over- or underexpress this enzyme. Compared with non-transgenic wild-type plants, the transgenic plants accumulate different levels of various isoprenoids such as chlorophylls, tocopherols, carotenoids, abscisic acid, and gibberellins. Phenotypically, the transgenic plants had slight alterations in growth and germination rates. Because the levels of several plastidic isoprenoids correlate with changes in 1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate synthase levels, we conclude that this enzyme catalyzes one of the rate-limiting steps of the MEP biosynthetic pathway. Furthermore, since the product of the MEP pathway is isopentenyl diphosphate, our results suggest that in plastids the pool of isopentenyl diphosphate is limiting to isprenoid production. 相似文献
83.
Esther Heikens Masja Leendertse Lucas M Wijnands Miranda van Luit-Asbroek Marc JM Bonten Tom van der Poll Rob JL Willems 《BMC microbiology》2009,9(1):19-7
Background
Enterococcus faecium has globally emerged as a cause of hospital-acquired infections with high colonization rates in hospitalized patients. The enterococcal surface protein Esp, identified as a potential virulence factor, is specifically linked to nosocomial clonal lineages that are genetically distinct from indigenous E. faecium strains. To investigate whether Esp facilitates bacterial adherence and intestinal colonization of E. faecium, we used human colorectal adenocarcinoma cells (Caco-2 cells) and an experimental colonization model in mice. 相似文献84.
Two distinct conformational states define the interaction of human RAD51‐ATP with single‐stranded DNA 下载免费PDF全文
Andrea Candelli Edwige B Garcin Mauro Modesti Luca Pellegrini Gijs JL Wuite Erwin JG Peterman 《The EMBO journal》2018,37(7)
An essential mechanism for repairing DNA double‐strand breaks is homologous recombination (HR). One of its core catalysts is human RAD51 (hRAD51), which assembles as a helical nucleoprotein filament on single‐stranded DNA, promoting DNA‐strand exchange. Here, we study the interaction of hRAD51 with single‐stranded DNA using a single‐molecule approach. We show that ATP‐bound hRAD51 filaments can exist in two different states with different contour lengths and with a free‐energy difference of ~4 kBT per hRAD51 monomer. Upon ATP hydrolysis, the filaments convert into a disassembly‐competent ADP‐bound configuration. In agreement with the single‐molecule analysis, we demonstrate the presence of two distinct protomer interfaces in the crystal structure of a hRAD51‐ATP filament, providing a structural basis for the two conformational states of the filament. Together, our findings provide evidence that hRAD51‐ATP filaments can exist in two interconvertible conformational states, which might be functionally relevant for DNA homology recognition and strand exchange. 相似文献
85.
Chimpanzee fetal G gamma and A gamma globin gene nucleotide sequences provide further evidence of gene conversions in hominine evolution 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
The fetal globin genes G gamma and A gamma from one chromosome of a
chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) were sequenced and found to be closely similar
to the corresponding genes of man and the gorilla. These genes contain
identical promoter and termination signals and have exons 1 and 2 separated
by the conserved short intron 1 (122 bp) and exons 2 and 3 separated by the
more rapidly evolving, larger intron 2 (893 bp and 887 bp in chimpanzee G
gamma and A gamma, respectively). Each intron 2 has a stretch of simple
sequence DNA (TG)n serving possibly as a "hot spot" for recombination. The
two chimpanzee genes encode polypeptide chains that differ only at position
136 (glycine in G gamma and alanine in A gamma) and that are identical to
the corresponding human chains, which have aspartic acid at position 73 and
lysine at 104 in contrast to glycine and arginine at these respective
positions of the gorilla A gamma chain. Phylogenetic analysis by the
parsimony method revealed four silent (synonymous) base substitutions in
evolutionary descent of the chimpanzee G gamma and A gamma codons and none
in the human and gorilla codons. These Homininae (Pan, Homo, Gorilla)
coding sequences evolved at one-tenth the average mammalian rate for
nonsynonymous and one-fourth that for synonymous substitutions. Three
sequence regions that were affected by gene conversions between chimpanzee
G gamma and A gamma loci were identified: one extended 3' of the hot spot
with G gamma replaced by the A gamma sequence, another extended 5' of the
hot spot with A gamma replaced by G gamma, and the third conversion
extended from the 5' flanking to the 5' end of intron 2, with G gamma
replaced here by the A gamma sequence. A conversion similar to this third
one has occurred independently in the descent of the gorilla genes. The
four previously identified conversions, labeled C1-C4 (Scott et al. 1984),
were substantiated with the addition of the chimpanzee genes to our
analysis (C1 being shared by all three hominines and C2, C3, and C4 being
found only in humans). Thus, the fetal genes from all three of these
hominine species have been active in gene conversions during the descent of
each species.
相似文献
86.
Growing evidence suggests that synchronization among distributed neuronal networks underlie functional integration in the brain. Neural synchronization is typically revealed by a consistent phase delay between neural responses generated in two separated sources. But the influence of a third neuronal assembly in that synchrony pattern remains largely unexplored. We investigate here the potential role of the hippocampus in determining cortico-cortical theta synchronization in different behavioral states during motor quiescent and while animals actively explore the environment. To achieve this goal, the two states were modeled with a recurrent network involving the hippocampus, as a relay element, and two distant neocortical sites. We found that cortico-cortical neural coupling accompanied higher hippocampal theta oscillations in both behavioral states, although the highest level of synchronization between cortical regions emerged during motor exploration. Local field potentials recorded from the same brain regions qualitatively confirm these findings in the two behavioral states. These results suggest that zero-lag long-range cortico-cortical synchronization is likely mediated by hippocampal theta oscillations in lower mammals as a function of cognitive demands and motor acts. 相似文献
87.
Nonglucosylated oligosaccharides are transferred to protein in MI8-5 Chinese hamster ovary cells 总被引:1,自引:2,他引:1
A CHO mutant MI8-5 was found to synthesize Man9-GlcNAc2-P-P-dolichol rather
than Glc3Man9GlcNAc2-P-P-dolichol as the oligosaccharide-lipid intermediate
in N-glycosylation of proteins. MI8-5 cells were incubated with labeled
mevalonate, and the prenol was found to be dolichol. The mannose-labeled
oligosaccharide released from oligosaccharide-lipid of MI8-5 cells was
analyzed by HPLC and alpha-mannosidase treatment, and the data were
consistent with a structure of Man9GlcNAc2. In addition, MI8-5 cells did
not incorporate radioactivity into oligosaccharide- lipid during an
incubation with tritiated galactose, again consistent with MI8-5 cells
synthesizing an unglucosylated oligosaccharide-lipid. MI8-5 cells had
parental levels of glucosylphosphoryldolichol synthase activity. However,
in two different assays, MI8-5 cells lacked dolichol-
P-Glc:Man9GlcNAc2-P-P-dolichol glucosyltransferase activity. MI8-5 cells
were found to synthesize glucosylated oligosaccharide after they were
transfected with Saccharomyces cerevisiae ALG 6, the gene for
dolichol-P-Glc:Man9GlcNAc2-P-P-dolichol glucosyltransferase. MI8-5 cells
were found to incorporate mannose into protein 2-fold slower than parental
cells and to approximately a 2-fold lesser extent.
相似文献
88.
Twenty-seven species of benthic hydroids have been found in a small collection from off Bouvet Island (Antarctic Ocean). The material was obtained during the XXI/2 German Antarctic expedition with R.V. Polarstern 2003–2004. Of the 27 species collected, 21 were unknown from those waters. Consequently, the number of known species of benthic hydroids from the area has risen to 32, representing a high diversity location for this group in the Southern Ocean considering the sampling effort made. All species, including those previously known from Bouvet waters, are considered with respect to geographical distribution.The present work is an addition to the special issue “Macrobenthic studies at Bouvet island”, presenting work carried out from on board RV Polarstern in 2003/2004 and published in Polar Biology 29 (2006) 相似文献
89.
Acetic acid fermentation is the biochemical process by which, under strict conditions of aerobiosis, Acetobacter aceti oxidises the ethanol contained in alcoholic substrates into acetic acid. This paper studies the effect of temperature on
the specific growth rate of the microorganisms (μ
C), in particular, the mathematical modelling of this process, with the aim of developing previous studies of the mathematical
relationships between μ
C of A. aceti and the concentrations of substrate (ethanol), product (acetic acid) and dissolved oxygen. Until now this relationship has
not been widely studied, and only a few studies have looked at the influence of temperature on growth kinetics of this bacteria.
We have developed an extensive experimental system, to determine precisely the influence of temperature on the maximum specific
growth rate.
Received: 15 July 1997 / Received revision: 7 October 1997 / Accepted: 19 October 1997 相似文献
90.