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Weiss MD Donnelly WH Rossignol C Varoqui H Erickson JD Anderson KJ 《Journal of molecular histology》2005,36(4):301-309
Summary System A is a highly regulated, Na+-dependent transporter that accepts neutral amino acids containing short, polar side chains. System A plays an important role
during rat development as decreased pup weights are observed in dams infused during gestation with a non-metabolizable System
A substrate. Given the potential importance of SNAT1 during development in the rat brain, we examined whether SNAT1 would
be present at an earlier gestation during organogenesis in multiple organs by immunohistochemistry and immunoblotting. SNAT1
protein was observed in the developing lungs, intestines, kidneys, heart, pancreas, and skeletal muscle of rats at prenatal
days 14, 17, 19, 21, and postnatal day 2 rats. SNAT1 protein expression decreased in the liver and intestine shortly after
birth and as the rat matured. SNAT1 expression was constant throughout development in the lungs and kidney and increased in
the heart from prenatal day 19 to postnatal day 2. Highest levels of expression in older animals were seen in organs undergoing
rapid cell division. 相似文献
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Excess biglycan causes eyelid malformation by perturbing muscle development and TGF-alpha signaling 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Hayashi Y Liu CY Jester JJ Hayashi M Wang IJ Funderburgh JL Saika S Roughley PJ Kao CW Kao WW 《Developmental biology》2005,277(1):222-234
Tissue morphogenesis during development is regulated by growth factors and cytokines, and is characterized by constant remodeling of extracellular matrix (ECM) in response to signaling molecules, for example, growth factors, cytokines, and so forth. Proteoglycans that bind growth factors are potential regulators of tissue morphogenesis during embryonic development. In this study, we showed that transgenic mice overexpressing biglycan under the keratocan promoter exhibited exposure keratitis and premature eye opening from noninfectious eyelid ulceration due to perturbation of eyelid muscle formation and the failure of meibomian gland formation. In addition, in vitro analysis revealed that biglycan binds to TGF-alpha, thus interrupting EGFR signaling pathways essential for mesenchymal cell migration induced by eyelid epithelium. The defects of TGF-alpha signaling by excess biglycan were further augmented by the interruption of the autocrine or paracrine loop of the EGFR signaling pathway of HB-EGF expression elicited by TGF-alpha. These results are consistent with the notion that under physiological conditions, biglycan secreted by mesenchymal cells serves as a regulatory molecule for the formation of a TGF-alpha gradient serving as a morphogen of eyelid morphogenesis. 相似文献
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Rachel A. Hill Yee‐Wen Candace Wu Andrea Gogos Maarten van den Buuse 《Journal of neurochemistry》2013,126(3):389-399
Neurodevelopmental psychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia may be caused by a combination of gene × environment, gene × gene, and/or gene × sex interactions. Reduced expression of both Reelin and Brain‐Derived Neurotrophic factor (BDNF) has been associated with schizophrenia in human post‐mortem studies. However, it remains unclear how Reelin and BDNF interact (gene × gene) and whether this is sex‐specific (gene × sex). This study investigated BDNF‐TrkB signaling in the hippocampus of male and female Reelin heterozygous (Rln+/?) mice. We found significantly increased levels of BDNF in the ventral hippocampus (VHP) of female, but not male Rln+/? compared to wild‐type (WT) controls. While levels of TrkB were not significantly altered, phosphorylated TrkB (pTrkB) levels were significantly lower, again only in female Rln+/? compared to WT. This translated to downstream effects with a significant decrease in phosphorylated ERK1 (pERK1). No changes in BDNF, TrkB, pTrkB or pERK1/2 were observed in the dorsal hippocampus of Rln+/? mice. Ovariectomy (OVX) had no effect in WT controls, but caused a significant decrease in BDNF expression in the VHP of Rln+/? mice to the levels of intact WT controls. The high expression of BDNF was restored in OVX Rln+/? mice by 17β‐estradiol treatment, suggesting that Rln+/? mice respond differently to an altered estradiol state than WT controls. In addition, while OVX had no significant effect on TrkB or ERK expression/phosphorylation, OVX + estradiol treatment markedly increased TrkB and ERK1 phosphorylation in Rln+/? and, to a lesser extent in WT controls, compared to intact genotype‐matched controls. These data may provide a better understanding of the interaction of Reelin and BDNF in the hippocampus, which may be involved in schizophrenia. 相似文献