全文获取类型
收费全文 | 25215篇 |
免费 | 2510篇 |
国内免费 | 9篇 |
专业分类
27734篇 |
出版年
2023年 | 128篇 |
2022年 | 311篇 |
2021年 | 684篇 |
2020年 | 392篇 |
2019年 | 485篇 |
2018年 | 556篇 |
2017年 | 489篇 |
2016年 | 822篇 |
2015年 | 1315篇 |
2014年 | 1401篇 |
2013年 | 1502篇 |
2012年 | 2032篇 |
2011年 | 2053篇 |
2010年 | 1281篇 |
2009年 | 1127篇 |
2008年 | 1444篇 |
2007年 | 1478篇 |
2006年 | 1284篇 |
2005年 | 1188篇 |
2004年 | 1114篇 |
2003年 | 934篇 |
2002年 | 851篇 |
2001年 | 343篇 |
2000年 | 282篇 |
1999年 | 258篇 |
1998年 | 186篇 |
1997年 | 149篇 |
1996年 | 142篇 |
1995年 | 124篇 |
1994年 | 115篇 |
1993年 | 98篇 |
1992年 | 171篇 |
1991年 | 151篇 |
1990年 | 137篇 |
1989年 | 159篇 |
1988年 | 140篇 |
1987年 | 121篇 |
1986年 | 102篇 |
1985年 | 111篇 |
1984年 | 116篇 |
1983年 | 103篇 |
1982年 | 106篇 |
1981年 | 78篇 |
1980年 | 82篇 |
1979年 | 108篇 |
1978年 | 84篇 |
1977年 | 79篇 |
1976年 | 90篇 |
1975年 | 79篇 |
1973年 | 74篇 |
排序方式: 共有10000条查询结果,搜索用时 9 毫秒
211.
212.
Oleosins of Brassica napus L. (oilseed rape) synthesized by in-vitro translation were found to be very efficiently targeted to microsomal membranes but only poorly translocated to oil bodies or emulsified oil. The use of other bilayer membranes as controls showed that this interaction was specific. The rate of oleosin synthesis in the presence of microsomes was enhanced about threefold, indicative of the involvement of the signal-recognition particle in the targeting process. There is no evidence for the cleavage of the protein during targeting and the protein sequence reveals no consensus cleavage site for the signal peptide. Protection experiments using Proteinase K revealed that about 6 kDa of the protein is exposed on the cytoplasmic side of the ER but the remainder is protected. Carbonate (pH 11) washing of microsomal membranes after in-vitro translation confirmed that oleosins have a domain which remains inserted in the ER rather than the protein being transported completely into the lumen of the ER. These results indicate that oleosins are transported via the ER prior to their accumulation on oil bodies. 相似文献
213.
Two blue-light responses of Phaeophyta that are expressed within a few seconds of a blue-light stimulus were characterized with respect to their photoreception properties. The first response is the activation of red-light-saturated photosynthesis which can be stimulated to values up to 5 times the rates in red light, depending on the species. The second response is a blue-light-induced acidification measurable at the plant surface. Both responses have similar kinetic characteristics and thus led us initially to hypothesise that they were causally connected in the same transduction mechanism. The two responses have action spectra [measured for Ectocarpus siliculosus (Dillwyn) Lyngb. and Laminaria saccharina (L.) Lamouroux] that are indistinguishable within the relatively large limits of error. However, in all species tested, the threshold sensitivity for blue light of the photosynthetic response is lower than that of the pH-shift by a factor of 2 to 150. Furthermore, stimulation of photosynthesis is sensitive to the flavin inhibitors, KI and phenylacetic acid, but the pH response is not affected by these inhibitors. Thus, the blue-light-induced pH-shift does not cause the stimulation of photosynthesis. In contrast, the different fluence-response relationships of the two responses and particularly the differential effect of the inhibitors are clear evidence for the action of two independent transduction pathways and photoreceptor systems for blue light. At least photoreception for stimulation of photosynthesis involves a flavin-or and a pterin.Abbreviations DCMU
3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea
- PAA
phenylacetic acid
We thank Dr. C. A. Maggs for collecting P. pavonica. This research was supported by National Environment Research Council grant No. GR3/8102. 相似文献
214.
Barrera Lawrence N. Ridley P. Matthew Bermejo-Rodriguez Camino Costello Eithne Perez-Mancera Pedro A. 《Journal of physiology and biochemistry》2023,79(1):193-204
Journal of Physiology and Biochemistry - Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is the deadliest of the common cancers. A major hallmark of PDAC is an abundant and dense fibrotic stroma, the... 相似文献
215.
Nick S. Fradgley James Bacon Alison R. Bentley Germano Costa-Neto Andrew Cottrell Jose Crossa Jaime Cuevas Matthew Kerton Edward Pope Stéphanie M. Swarbreck Keith A. Gardner 《Global Change Biology》2023,29(5):1296-1313
Wheat is a major crop worldwide, mainly cultivated for human consumption and animal feed. Grain quality is paramount in determining its value and downstream use. While we know that climate change threatens global crop yields, a better understanding of impacts on wheat end-use quality is also critical. Combining quantitative genetics with climate model outputs, we investigated UK-wide trends in genotypic adaptation for wheat quality traits. In our approach, we augmented genomic prediction models with environmental characterisation of field trials to predict trait values and climate effects in historical field trial data between 2001 and 2020. Addition of environmental covariates, such as temperature and rainfall, successfully enabled prediction of genotype by environment interactions (G × E), and increased prediction accuracy of most traits for new genotypes in new year cross validation. We then extended predictions from these models to much larger numbers of simulated environments using climate scenarios projected under Representative Concentration Pathways 8.5 for 2050–2069. We found geographically varying climate change impacts on wheat quality due to contrasting associations between specific weather covariables and quality traits across the UK. Notably, negative impacts on quality traits were predicted in the East of the UK due to increased summer temperatures while the climate in the North and South-west may become more favourable with increased summer temperatures. Furthermore, by projecting 167,040 simulated future genotype–environment combinations, we found only limited potential for breeding to exploit predictable G × E to mitigate year-to-year environmental variability for most traits except Hagberg falling number. This suggests low adaptability of current UK wheat germplasm across future UK climates. More generally, approaches demonstrated here will be critical to enable adaptation of global crops to near-term climate change. 相似文献
216.
Variation in tooth crown morphology plays a crucial role in species diagnoses, phylogenetic inference, and the reconstruction of the evolutionary history of the primate clade. While a growing number of studies have identified developmental mechanisms linked to tooth size and cusp patterning in mammalian crown morphology, it is unclear (1) to what degree these are applicable across primates and (2) which additional developmental mechanisms should be recognized as playing important roles in odontogenesis. From detailed observations of lower molar enamel–dentine junction morphology from taxa representing the major primate clades, we outline multiple phylogenetic and developmental components responsible for crown patterning, and formulate a tooth crown morphology framework for the holistic interpretation of primate crown morphology. We suggest that adopting this framework is crucial for the characterization of tooth morphology in studies of dental development, discrete trait analysis, and systematics. 相似文献
217.
Congruent evolution between whiteflies (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) and their bacterial endosymbionts based on respective 18S and 16S rDNAs 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Bruce C. Campbell 《Current microbiology》1993,26(3):129-132
Whiteflies (family Aleyrodidae) possess heritable eubacterial endosymbionts sustained in specialized organ-like structures called mycetomes. Comparisons of distances between the ash whitefly,Siphoninus phillyreae, and two biotypes (A and B) of the sweetpotato whitefly,Bemisia tabaci, based on sequence analysis of genes for 18S rRNAs (rDNAs), were equivalent to the distances represented by the 16S rDNAs of their respective endosymbionts. This finding indicates that evolutionary divergence in whitefly hosts and their endosymbionts is congruent. The nucleotide sequences of the 18S rDNAs and endosymbiont 16S rDNAs indicate the two biotypes ofB. tabaci are the same species. 相似文献
218.
219.
Matthew K. Litvak 《Environmental Biology of Fishes》1993,36(2):183-192
Synopsis Many species of shoaling fish are preyed upon by aerial predators. However, to date there has been no analysis of the evasive
response of a group of shoaling fish to an aerial threat or attack. The response of a shoal of fish encompasses a suite of
behaviors starting with a startle response. Shoals of golden shiner, Notemigonus crysoleucas, responded to the threat of aerial predation from a kingfisher model with a startle response, an increase in shoal depth,
an increase in polarity, swimming in the opposite direction under the model predator, shoal compression along the depth axis,
and shoal expansion on the plane perpendicular to the depth axis. It was hypothesized that shoal compression along the depth
axis serves to increase predator confusion by placing more fish in the predator's visual field. This compression was termed
the ‘plane of confusion’. 相似文献
220.
Margaret B. Fleming Lauren Stanley Robyn Zallen Matthew T. Chansler Lars A. Brudvig David B. Lowry Marjorie Weber Frank W. Telewski 《American journal of botany》2023,110(11):e16250