全文获取类型
收费全文 | 1033篇 |
免费 | 97篇 |
出版年
2024年 | 1篇 |
2023年 | 25篇 |
2022年 | 33篇 |
2021年 | 50篇 |
2020年 | 39篇 |
2019年 | 45篇 |
2018年 | 42篇 |
2017年 | 29篇 |
2016年 | 50篇 |
2015年 | 86篇 |
2014年 | 81篇 |
2013年 | 77篇 |
2012年 | 103篇 |
2011年 | 92篇 |
2010年 | 47篇 |
2009年 | 31篇 |
2008年 | 56篇 |
2007年 | 39篇 |
2006年 | 36篇 |
2005年 | 20篇 |
2004年 | 27篇 |
2003年 | 33篇 |
2002年 | 20篇 |
2001年 | 2篇 |
2000年 | 1篇 |
1999年 | 5篇 |
1998年 | 5篇 |
1997年 | 6篇 |
1996年 | 4篇 |
1995年 | 1篇 |
1994年 | 3篇 |
1993年 | 3篇 |
1992年 | 5篇 |
1991年 | 5篇 |
1988年 | 1篇 |
1987年 | 2篇 |
1986年 | 3篇 |
1985年 | 1篇 |
1980年 | 4篇 |
1979年 | 2篇 |
1976年 | 2篇 |
1975年 | 1篇 |
1974年 | 4篇 |
1973年 | 3篇 |
1972年 | 1篇 |
1971年 | 1篇 |
1967年 | 1篇 |
1962年 | 1篇 |
1938年 | 1篇 |
排序方式: 共有1130条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
31.
Blanche Saint-Béat Christine Dupuy Pierrick Bocher Julien Chalumeau Margot De Crignis Camille Fontaine Katell Guizien Johann Lavaud Sébastien Lefebvre Hélène Montanié Jean-Luc Mouget Francis Orvain Pierre-Yves Pascal Gwena?l Quaintenne Gilles Radenac Pierre Richard Frédéric Robin Alain F. Vézina Nathalie Niquil 《PloS one》2013,8(10)
The migratory shorebirds of the East Atlantic flyway land in huge numbers during a migratory stopover or wintering on the French Atlantic coast. The Brouage bare mudflat (Marennes-Oléron Bay, NE Atlantic) is one of the major stopover sites in France. The particular structure and function of a food web affects the efficiency of carbon transfer. The structure and functioning of the Brouage food web is crucial for the conservation of species landing within this area because it provides sufficient food, which allows shorebirds to reach the north of Europe where they nest. The aim of this study was to describe and understand which food web characteristics support nutritional needs of birds. Two food-web models were constructed, based on in situ measurements that were made in February 2008 (the presence of birds) and July 2008 (absence of birds). To complete the models, allometric relationships and additional data from the literature were used. The missing flow values of the food web models were estimated by Monte Carlo Markov Chain – Linear Inverse Modelling. The flow solutions obtained were used to calculate the ecological network analysis indices, which estimate the emergent properties of the functioning of a food-web.The total activities of the Brouage ecosystem in February and July are significantly different. The specialisation of the trophic links within the ecosystem does not appear to differ between the two models. In spite of a large export of carbon from the primary producer and detritus in winter, the higher recycling leads to a similar retention of carbon for the two seasons. It can be concluded that in February, the higher activity of the ecosystem coupled with a higher cycling and a mean internal organization, ensure the sufficient feeding of the migratory shorebirds. 相似文献
32.
James Hansen Pushker Kharecha Makiko Sato Valerie Masson-Delmotte Frank Ackerman David J. Beerling Paul J. Hearty Ove Hoegh-Guldberg Shi-Ling Hsu Camille Parmesan Johan Rockstrom Eelco J. Rohling Jeffrey Sachs Pete Smith Konrad Steffen Lise Van Susteren Karina von Schuckmann James C. Zachos 《PloS one》2013,8(12)
We assess climate impacts of global warming using ongoing observations and paleoclimate data. We use Earth’s measured energy imbalance, paleoclimate data, and simple representations of the global carbon cycle and temperature to define emission reductions needed to stabilize climate and avoid potentially disastrous impacts on today’s young people, future generations, and nature. A cumulative industrial-era limit of ∼500 GtC fossil fuel emissions and 100 GtC storage in the biosphere and soil would keep climate close to the Holocene range to which humanity and other species are adapted. Cumulative emissions of ∼1000 GtC, sometimes associated with 2°C global warming, would spur “slow” feedbacks and eventual warming of 3–4°C with disastrous consequences. Rapid emissions reduction is required to restore Earth’s energy balance and avoid ocean heat uptake that would practically guarantee irreversible effects. Continuation of high fossil fuel emissions, given current knowledge of the consequences, would be an act of extraordinary witting intergenerational injustice. Responsible policymaking requires a rising price on carbon emissions that would preclude emissions from most remaining coal and unconventional fossil fuels and phase down emissions from conventional fossil fuels. 相似文献
33.
34.
Daniela Russo Maria Grazia Ortore Francesco Spinozzi Paolo Mariani Camille Loupiac Burkhard Annighofer Alessandro Paciaroni 《Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)/General Subjects》2013
Methods
Combining small-angle X-ray and neutron scattering measurements with inelastic neutron scattering experiments, we investigated the impact of high hydrostatic pressure on the structure and dynamics of β-lactoglobulin (βLG) in aqueous solution.Background
βLG is a relatively small protein, which is predominantly dimeric in physiological conditions, but dissociates to monomer below about pH 3.Results
High-pressure structural results show that the dimer–monomer equilibrium, as well as the protein–protein interactions, are only slightly perturbed by pressure, and βLG unfolding is observed above a threshold value of 3000 bar. In the same range of pressure, dynamical results put in evidence a slowing down of the protein dynamics in the picosecond timescale and a loss of rigidity of the βLG structure. This dynamical behavior can be related to the onset of unfolding processes, probably promoted from water penetration in the hydrophobic cavity.General significance
Results suggest that density and compressibility of water molecules in contact with the protein are key parameters to regulate the protein flexibility. 相似文献35.
Jeremy D. Romer Camille A. Leblanc Shaun Clements Jayde A. Ferguson Michael L. Kent David Noakes Carl B. Schreck 《Environmental Biology of Fishes》2013,96(7):849-863
Anadromous salmonids are viewed as a prized commodity and cultural symbol throughout the Pacific coast of North America. Unfortunately, several native salmonid populations are threatened or at risk of extinction. Despite this, little is known about the behavior and survival of these fish as the juveniles transition from freshwater to the ocean. Our primary objectives were to estimate survival of juvenile steelhead migrating between trapping sites and the ocean and evaluate whether survival in the estuary varies temporally (within a year) or spatially (within and between estuaries) within the same distinct population segment. We also evaluated whether flow or fork length were correlated with survival and collected information on variables that have been demonstrated to affect smolt survival in other studies to lend insight regarding differences in survival estimates between basins. We compared run timing, migration rate, survival, condition factor, age composition and time of residence in the estuary for steelhead outmigrants from each basin and measured parasite loads in outmigrating steelhead to evaluate potential differences in parasite density and parasite community between basins. In 2009, we implanted acoustic transmitters in 139 wild steelhead smolts in two small rivers on the Oregon Coast. In general, only 40–50 % of the wild steelhead smolts tagged at upstream smolt traps were detected entering the ocean. The majority of mortality occurred in the lower estuary near the ocean. Wild steelhead smolts typically spent less than 1 day in the estuary in both basins. Using similar data from previous studies in the Nehalem and Alsea basins, we showed that survival appears to be negatively correlated with flow in most releases, and in 2009 fork length was not correlated with survival. Our observations provide baseline information on factors that could influence smolt survival through the estuary as well as smolt to adult survival in these basins, and emphasize the importance of monitoring smolt survival in the estuary. 相似文献
36.
37.
38.
39.
Issam Alamir Céline Niquet-Leridon Philippe Jacolot Camille Rodriguez Martine Orosco Pauline M. Anton Frédéric J. Tessier 《Amino acids》2013,44(6):1441-1449
Milk proteins are frequently used as supplements in fortified foods. However, processing produces chemical changes which likely affect the nutritional advantage. This study was intended to explore the possible difference in digestibility between extruded and non-extruded caseins and how the dietary N ε -carboxymethyllysine (CML) is metabolised. Normal rats were randomized into either an extruded protein diet (EP) or the same with unextruded proteins (UEP), for two periods of 2 weeks at 7 to 9 and 11 to 13 weeks of age. However, no difference in protein digestibility was detected between the two diets, either in young or in adult animals, despite a 9.4-fold higher level of CML and an 8.5-fold higher level of lysinoalanine in the EP than in the UEP. No diet-related changes were observed in plasma CML, either protein bound or free. Amounts of 38 and 48 % of the orally absorbed CML were excreted in urine and faeces, respectively, in UEP-fed rats. Lower rates of excretion were found in the EP-fed rats (23 and 37 %, respectively). A second animal study using a single oral dose of free CML (400 μg/rat) was set up to measure the systemic concentration of CML every hour from 0 to 4 h. It revealed that protein-bound CML was not affected by the oral dose of CML, and the highest free CML level found in the circulation was 600 ng/mL. Extruded proteins, therefore, appear to be well digested, and CML rapidly eliminated. Since its elimination is, however, incomplete, the question of its biodistribution and metabolism remains open. 相似文献
40.
Camille Turlure Viktoriia Radchuk Michel Baguette Mark Meijrink Arnold van den Burg Michiel Wallis De Vries Gert‐Jan van Duinen 《Ecology and evolution》2013,3(2):244-254
The butterfly Boloria aquilonaris is a specialist of oligotrophic ecosystems. Population viability analysis predicted the species to be stable in Belgium and to collapse in the Netherlands with reduced host plant quality expected to drive species decline in the latter. We tested this hypothesis by rearing B. aquilonaris caterpillars from Belgian and Dutch sites on host plants (the cranberry, Vaccinium oxycoccos). Dutch plant quality was lower than Belgian one conferring lower caterpillar growth rate and survival. Reintroduction and/or supplementation may be necessary to ensure the viability of the species in the Netherlands, but some traits may have been selected solely in Dutch caterpillars to cope with gradual changes in host plant quality. To test this hypothesis, the performance of Belgian and Dutch caterpillars fed with plants from both countries were compared. Dutch caterpillars performed well on both plant qualities, whereas Belgian caterpillars could not switch to lower quality plants. This can be considered as an environmentally induced plastic response of caterpillars and/or a local adaptation to plant quality, which precludes the use of Belgian individuals as a unique solution for strengthening Dutch populations. More generally, these results stress that the relevance of local adaptation in selecting source populations for relocation may be as important as restoring habitat quality. 相似文献