Private rest homes in the care of the elderly.

Sixteen private rest homes were visited to assess their facilities and the types of disability of the residents. Apart from one home, which was a hotel for the elderly, all the homes provided care for physically and mentally frail elderly people over the long term. Although care was good the trends in the use of the homes are worrying, and stricter regulations are required to ensure appropriate levels of care. Greater support is also required from district nursing services.     

Bacteriological survey of sixty health foods.

A bacteriological survey was performed on 1,960 food samples encompassing 60 types of health foods available in the Baltimore-Washington, D.C., metropolitan area. No consistent bacteriological distinction (aerobic plate counts, total coliform and fecal coliform most probable numbers) was observed between foods labeled as organic (raised on soil with compost or nonchemical fertilizer and without application of pesticides, fungicides, and herbicides) and their counterpart food types bearing no such label. Types and numbers of samples containing Salmonella were: sunflower seeds, 4; soy flour, 3; soy protein powder, 2; soy milk powder, 1; dried active yeast, 1; brewers' years, 1; rye flour, 1; brown rice, 1; and alfalfa seeds,1. The occurrence of this pathogen in three types of soybean products should warrant further investigation of soybean derivatives as potentially significant sources of Salmonella.     

Electrophoretic analyses of lactate dehydrogenase C4 in testes and vesicular glands of normal and male sterile translocation mice

Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) C, activity was observed in testis extracts from normal mice but was progressively reduced in mice carrying the male-sterile translocations T31H, T32H, T37H, T38H, T40H and T42H, with no detectable activity being observed in the last two mice. None of the vesicular gland extracts from these male-steriles showed LDH-C4 activity, unlike normal mice. The differential LDH-C4 activity in male-sterile testes is interpreted as reflecting the varying stages of the spermatogenic defect during meiosis. In general, early meiotic defects exhibited no LDH-C4 activity whereas late stage (usually after metaphase-1 stage) defect animals exhibited some activity. The results also provide evidence for contaminating sperm being the source of normal vesicular gland LDH-C4 activity.     

The preparation and properties of folate-binding protein from cow''s milk.

An improved affinity-chromatographic method for the preparation of folate-binding protein from cow's milk is described. Under dissociating conditions the protein appeared homogeneous in the ultracentrifuge, with a molecular weight of 35 000 +/- 1500, but it was heterogeneous on electrophoresis and ion-exchange chromatography and evidently consisted of several glycoproteins with similar molecular weights that all bound folic acid. Overall, the protein contained a high proportion of half-cystine (18 residues/molecule) and 10.3% of carbohydrate. At saturation it bound approx. 1 mol of folate/mol of protein at pH 7.2. Equilibrium-dialysis measurements of the binding of folic acid and 5-methyltetrahydrofolate to the purified protein gave non-linear Scatchard plots, the shapes of which depended on pH. The results were interpreted in terms of ligand binding to a polymerizing system in which the affinity of ligand for monomer was greater than its affinity for polymer. When the protein concentration was similar to that in cow's milk, dissociation constants (Kd) for folate and 5-methyltetrahydrofolate were 3 nM and 5 nM respectively at pH 7.2 and 37 degrees C, whereas Kd for the binding of folate to monomer was about 50 pM. The properties of the binding protein are discussed in relation to its possible role in folate absorption in the gut.     

Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays for detection and quantitation of the entomocidal parasporal crystalline protein of Bacillus thuringiensis subspp. kurstaki and israelensis.

An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to detect and quantitate the parasporal crystal toxins of Bacillus thuringiensis subspp. kurstaki and israelensis. The assay method described is extremely sensitive, accurate, and highly specific. With this technique, crystalline insecticidal proteins from several subspecies of B. thuringiensis were compared. The dipteran crystal toxin produced by B. thuringiensis subsp. israelensis was shown to share few epitopes with the lepidopteran toxin from B. thuringiensis subspp. kurstaki, tolworthi, berliner, and alesti.     

Importance of the position of TYR R boxes for repression and activation of the tyrP and aroF genes in Escherichia coli.

Tyrosine-mediated repression of aroF and tyrP was studied by inserting DNA sequences between the two adjacent TYR R boxes which, in each case, overlap the respective RNA polymerase binding sites of these genes. In both cases, repression was greatest when homologous regions of these two TYR R boxes were on the same face of the DNA helix and the boxes were directly adjacent. An insertion of 3 bases was sufficient to abolish repression, which was reestablished as the boxes became separated by one full turn of the helix. These observations, coupled with the results of in vitro DNase I protection studies, supported the hypothesis that the binding of TyrR protein to the downstream boxes required cooperative interaction with TyrR protein already bound to the upstream boxes. In the case of tyrP, moving the upstream box also affected activation. Maximal activation was observed when the box was moved 3 or 12 to 14 residues upstream. Practically no activation was seen at intermediate positions, such as +7 and -4. It is hypothesized that these results indicate positions allowing maximal interaction between TyrR protein bound to the upstream box and RNA polymerase bound to the RNA polymerase binding site.     

Presynaptic Glutamate Receptors Regulate Noradrenaline Release from Isolated Nerve Terminals

The wide-ranging neuronal actions of excitatory amino acids, such as glutamate, are thought to be mediated mainly by postsynaptic N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) and non-NMDA receptors. We now report the existence of presynaptic glutamate receptors in isolated nerve terminals (synaptosomes) prepared from hippocampus, olfactory bulb, and cerebral cortex. Activation of these receptors by NMDA or non-NMDA agonists, in a concentration-dependent manner, resulted in Ca(2+)-dependent release of noradrenaline from vesicular transmitter stores. The NMDA-stimulated release was potentiated by glycine and was blocked by Mg2+ and selective NMDA antagonists. In contrast, release stimulated by selective non-NMDA agonists was blocked by 6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3- dione, but not by Mg2+ or NMDA antagonists. Our data suggest that the presynaptic glutamate receptors can be classified pharmacologically as both the NMDA and non-NMDA types. These receptors, localized on nerve terminals of the locus ceruleus noradrenergic neurons, may play an important role in interactions between noradrenaline and glutamate.     

Distinct genetic groups of Giardia intestinalis distinguished by restriction fragment length polymorphisms.

The taxonomic status of the parasitic protozoal species Giardia intestinalis depends on the morphological similarity of all Giardia isolated from humans and the presumption that Giardia are host-specific. On the basis of electrophoretic data derived from examination of 26 enzyme loci in Australian isolates, it has been proposed that G. intestinalis is a species complex comprising three or four genetically distinct (but morphologically cryptic) species. These received the tentative designations of genetic groups I-IV (R. H. Andrews, M. Adams, P. F. L. Boreham, G. Mayrhofer & B. P. Meloni. International Journal for Parasitology 19, 183-190, 1989). In the present study, two unrelated DNA probes (one specific for a gene encoding a trophozoite surface protein, the other detecting a non-coding repetitive sequence within the G. intestinalis genome) were used in Southern hybridization analyses to examine 10 axenic isolates of G. intestinalis, established from diverse geographical regions in Australia, together with the Portland-1 isolate from the USA. Both probes identified every isolate unambiguously as belonging to one or other of two genetic clusters. Electrophoretic analysis of the same samples indicated that these clusters correspond to the previously defined genetic groups I and II. No heterogeneity was apparent within the seven group I isolates using either probe. However, when probed with the repetitive sequence, the four isolates belonging to group II exhibited small differences in banding patterns, suggesting that this group may be less homogeneous than group I.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)