碳源影响水稻根际假单胞菌PA1201藤黄绿菌素的生物合成

【背景】假单胞菌PA1201是一株水稻根际促生菌,其产生的次生代谢物藤黄绿菌素(pyoluteorin,Plt)能够有效抑制多种植物病原真菌和细菌的生长,但在常规培养条件下Plt产量极低。【目的】研究碳源对Plt生物合成的影响,为提高Plt的产量以及应用提供理论基础。【方法】将基本培养基(minimal medium,MM)中甘露醇替换为不同的碳源及碳源组合作为PA1201的培养基,生长过程中不同时间点取样提取Plt,利用高效液相色谱(HPLC)法分析Plt的产量变化。【结果】建立了基于HPLC定性和定量检测Plt的方法;比较了PA1201菌株在不同培养基中菌株生长和Plt的产量,发现果糖和甘露醇促进Plt生物合成;果糖和甘露醇对Plt生物合成没有增效作用;在含有甘露醇或果糖作为唯一碳源的培养基中,添加葡萄糖或琥珀酸抑制Plt生物合成。【结论】果糖和甘露醇促进水稻根际假单胞菌PA1201合成藤黄绿菌素,这为提高藤黄绿菌素的生物合成效率和促进藤黄绿菌素的应用奠定了基础。     

植物病媒昆虫的翅型分化

翅多型现象是昆虫非遗传多型性的一种表现,包括不具飞行能力的短翅型或无翅型,以及可以进行长距离迁飞的长翅型或有翅型。翅多型现象常发生在可以携带病原并将其传播给植物宿主的媒介昆虫中,对植物病害的时空分布与暴发有重要影响。本文从翅型分化的遗传规律、诱导因素、分子机制和伴随翅型分化的其他生理表现4个方面,对植物病原主要传播媒介蚜虫和飞虱的翅型分化研究进行综述和梳理。昆虫翅型分化的诱导因素主要包括温度、湿度和光周期等非生物因素以及虫口密度、宿主营养、病毒等生物因素;而其内在的分子机制大多是通过胰岛素/胰岛素样生长因子信号(IIS)通路、c-Jun氨基末端激酶(c-Jun NH 2-terminal kinase,JNK)信号通路、Wingless和嗅觉受体SaveOrco等调控。翅型分化的同时伴随着生理状态的变化,表现为短翅型具有更强的繁殖能力和长翅型含有更丰富的飞行肌结构成分。目前,昆虫翅型分化的研究尚不够完善,有许多需要解答的问题,如找到胰岛素/胰岛素样生长因子信号通路中真正发挥功能的靶基因,JNK如何调控翅型分化以及虫媒病毒影响媒介昆虫翅型的分子机理。本综述可为控制虫媒病原的传播以及其他昆虫翅多型的研究提供参考。     

Molecular chaperone HspB2 inhibited pancreatic cancer cell proliferation via activating p53 downstream gene RPRM,BAI1, and TSAP6

Heat shock proteins (HSPs) were known as the molecular chaperones, which play a pivotal role in the protein quality control system, ensuring correct folding of proteins, and facilitating the correct refolding of damaged proteins via the transient interaction with their substrate proteins. They also practice in the regulation of cell cycles and are involved in apoptosis. We found that HspB2 was almost completely silent in pancreatic cancer and few studies investigated the role of HspB2 in cancer cells, particularly in pancreatic cancer. Here, we reported that HspB2 effectively inhibited cell proliferation in Panc-1 cells. Specifically, we demonstrated that HspB2 could combine mut-p53 and change the DNA binding site of mutant p53, subsequently upregulated the expression of RPRM, BAI-1, and TSAP6 which were the downstream genes of wt-p53, participate in mediating downstream responses to p53, including inhibiting cell proliferation and angiogenesis. The main aim of this study is to investigate the relationship between HspB2 and p53, and provide a novel treatment strategy for pancreatic cancer.     

柑橘木虱蜜露排泄机制:进展与展望

半翅目昆虫柑橘木虱Diaphorina citri是柑橘类果树重要害虫,主要以高渗透压的植物韧皮部汁液为食,是柑橘毁灭性病害——柑橘黄龙病(HLB)的主要传播媒介。柑橘木虱取食韧皮部汁液时自身进化出一套完整的渗透调节机制调节其体内渗透压,将体内过量摄入的糖类转化成长链寡糖并以蜜露形式排出体外。本文从柑橘木虱蜜露排泄行为、蜜露组成成分以及影响蜜露排泄的多个因素进行了论述,同时综述了可能参与柑橘木虱蜜露排泄行为的渗透调节基因。研究表明,柑橘木虱雌雄成虫及若虫在蜜露排泄行为上存在显著差异,且排泄的蜜露在颜色、纹路及组成成分方面均有不同;寄主植物、杀虫剂、病原微生物及天敌化合物均会影响柑橘木虱蜜露排泄行为。分子机制探究发现,α-葡萄糖苷水解酶、水通道蛋白及糖基转移酶基因等关键渗透调节基因可能参与调控柑橘木虱蜜露排泄行为。本文可为未来有关柑橘木虱蜜露排泄行为方面的研究以及为研制柑橘木虱防治新型药剂开发新靶标提供参考。     

A risk signature-based on metastasis-associated genes to predict survival of patients with osteosarcoma

Osteosarcoma (OS) is the most common primary solid malignant bone tumor, and its metastasis is a prominent cause of high mortality in patients. In this study, a prognosis risk signature was constructed based on metastasis-associated genes. Four microarrays datasets with clinical information were downloaded from Gene Expression Omnibus, and 256 metastasis-associated genes were identified by limma package. Further, a protein-protein interaction network was constructed, and survival analysis was performed using data from the Therapeutically Applicable Research to Generate Effective Treatments data matrix, identifying 19 genes correlated with prognosis. Six genes were selected by the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator regression for multivariate cox analysis. Finally, a three-gene (MYC, CPE, and LY86) risk signature was constructed, and datasets GSE21257 and GSE16091 were used to validate the prediction efficiency of the signature. The survival times of low- and high-risk groups were significantly different in the training set and validation set. Additionally, gene set enrichment analysis revealed that the genes in the signature may affect the cell cycle, gap junctions, and interleukin-6 production. Therefore, the three-gene survival risk signature could potentially predict the prognosis of patients with OS. Further, proteins encoded by CPE and LY86 may provide novel insights into the prediction of OS prognosis and therapeutic targets.     

A Second CRM1-Dependent Nuclear Export Signal in the Influenza A Virus NS2 Protein Contributes to the Nuclear Export of Viral Ribonucleoproteins

Influenza A virus NS2 protein, also called nuclear export protein (NEP), is crucial for the nuclear export of viral ribonucleoproteins. However, the molecular mechanisms of NEP mediation in this process remain incompletely understood. A leucine-rich nuclear export signal (NES2) in NEP, located at the predicted N2 helix of the N-terminal domain, was identified in the present study. NES2 was demonstrated to be a transferable NES, with its nuclear export activity depending on the nuclear export receptor chromosome region maintenance 1 (CRM1)-mediated pathway. The interaction between NEP and CRM1 is coordinately regulated by both the previously reported NES (NES1) and now the new NES2. Deletion of the NES1 enhances the interaction between NEP and CRM1, and deletion of the NES1 and NES2 motifs completely abolishes this interaction. Moreover, NES2 interacts with CRM1 in the mammalian two-hybrid system. Mutant viruses containing NES2 alterations generated by reversed genetics exhibit reduced viral growth and delay in the nuclear export of viral ribonucleoproteins (vRNPs). The NES2 motif is highly conserved in the influenza A and B viruses. The results demonstrate that leucine-rich NES2 is involved in the nuclear export of vRNPs and contributes to the understanding of nucleocytoplasmic transport of influenza virus vRNPs.     

Defense against Pieris rapae in cabbage plants induced by Bemisia tabaci biotype B

Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) and Pieris rapae L. (Lepidoptera: Pieridae) are serious pests of vegetables, that can occur simultaneously on a single cabbage plant [Brassica oleracea var. capitata L. (Brassicaceae)]. We determined whether pre‐feeding or infestation by B. tabaci on cabbage could induce physiological and biochemical responses of the plant against P. rapae. Developmental time, length, and weight of immature P. rapae, and defense‐related plant compounds (SOD, superoxide dismutase; POD, peroxidase; CAT, catalase; APX, ascorbate peroxidase) were measured. Development of P. rapae larvae was 21% slower on B. tabaci‐pre‐infested plants than on plants without B. tabaci infestation. When feeding on B. tabaci‐pre‐infested plants, 22% of P. rapae larvae pupated as compared with 83% on B. tabaci‐free plants. Weights of P. rapae from first to fourth instars that fed on B. tabaci‐pre‐infested plants were also reduced, whereas those of fifth instars and pupae were not. Similarly, body length of P. rapae from first to fourth instars was affected by B. tabaci pre‐infestation, whereas that of the fifth instars was not. Peroxidase and APX activities of the B. tabaci‐pre‐infested plants increased more than SOD and CAT. Peroxidase and SOD activities of B. tabaci and P. rapae co‐infested plants increased as compared with those of P. rapae‐infested plants; however, CAT and APX activities were not different between B. tabaci‐ and P. rapae‐infested plants. These results showed that B. tabaci infestation had a negative effect on P. rapae when they occurred simultaneously on the same host plant. The implications of the induced plant changes on the herbivore are discussed.     

Phylogeography of Sophora davidii (Leguminosae) across the ‘Tanaka‐Kaiyong Line’, an important phytogeographic boundary in Southwest China

The ‘Tanaka‐Kaiyong Line’ (TKL) is a major phytogeographic boundary in Southwest China, separating East Asia's Sino‐Himalayan and Sino‐Japanese Floras. However, little is known about the importance of this boundary in promoting intraspecific phylogeographic subdivision and divergence. Using chloroplast (cpDNA) and nuclear‐intron (nDNA) sequence data, we reconstructed the population history of Sophora davidii, a drought‐tolerant riparian shrub widely distributed on either side of the TKL. Specifically, we aimed at testing two long‐standing explanations for possible vicariant events across the TKL: (i) Late Pliocene (c. 3 Ma) geological uplift of the eastern Qinghai‐Tibetan Plateau (QTP) or (ii) a sharp environmental gradient associated with the establishment of different monsoon regimes on either side of the TKL during the (Late) Pleistocene. Our genealogical analyses detected a major west–east split in cpDNA, geographically largely consistent with the TKL, and dated to c. 1.28 Ma (95% HPD: 0.21–2.96 Ma), hence postdating the latest phase of eastern QTP uplift. Furthermore, integrating cpDNA phylogeographic patterns with mismatch analyses, we found multiple refugial isolation and long‐term demographic stability of populations in the west (Hengduan Mountain Range) compared with extensive range expansions in the east, possibly during the last glacial period(s) and followed by differentiation into regional sublineages (southeast: Yunnan‐Guizhou Plateau vs. northeast: Qinling Mts./Loess Plateau). Although nuclear differentiation was less marked, the geographical pattern of nDNA haplotypes provided some further indication of the species' eastward expansion, possibly from source populations located just east of the TKL (lower Jinshajiang region). Overall, the present data reject the geological (tectonic) explanation for the TKL and, instead, provide supportive evidence for its role as a climatically driven barrier to present‐day plant dispersal. In addition, our study highlights changing temperatures and vegetation types during the last glacial period(s), along with aspects of regional topography, to be important determinants of the glacial eastward expansion of S. davidii. In consequence, our study lends support to a ‘glacial out‐of‐Hengduan Mts’. hypothesis for the xerophytic‐riparian flora of Southwest China, which in turn is inconsistent with the traditional view of the TKL as a ‘classical’ vicariant‐biogeographic boundary.     

瑞典能源柳4个无性系对土壤Hg2+胁迫的生理响应

以一年生瑞典能源柳4个无性系(N2、N4、NC、NE)幼苗为材料,通过盆栽试验,在对照、轻度、中度、重度Hg2+胁迫条件下,测定了4个能源柳无性系幼苗生长过程中生理生化指标,分析其对Hg2+胁迫的生理响应及其耐受性.结果表明:(1)随着土壤中Hg2+浓度的上升,4个能源柳无性系叶片保护酶POD、SOD和CAT活性均呈先上升后下降的趋势,且各无性系之间存在差异,其中NC的POD和CAT活性在重度胁迫下仍高于对照.(2)各无性系叶片中渗透性调节物质可溶性蛋白和脯氨酸(Pro)含量均呈先上升后下降的趋势,并均在轻度或中度胁迫下达到峰值,以可溶性蛋白含量变化幅度更大,在NC和NE无性系中表现得更明显.(3)随着土壤中Hg2+胁迫强度的加剧,N2、N4和NE无性系根系活力都呈现连续下降趋势,而NC无性系根系活力在轻度胁迫条件下则略微上升,然后持续下降,并均在中度和重度胁迫下达到显著水平,而且4个能源柳无性系叶片MDA含量均表现为先下降后上升趋势.(4)在轻度Hg2+胁迫下,N4和NE叶绿素含量和Chl a/Chl b值呈下降趋势,而N2和NC则稍微上升;在中度和重度胁迫下,4个能源柳无性系叶绿素含量和Chl a/Chl b值迅速下降,但能源柳各无性系的下降速度存在差异,其中N4下降幅度最大,NC最小.(5)运用隶属函数模糊评判法综合评价表明,各能源柳无性系对Hg2+的耐受性表现为:NC＞ NE＞ N4＞N2.研究认为,在不同程度Hg2+胁迫条件下,4个瑞典能源柳无性系通过提高自身保护酶活性、抗氧化物质GSH含量以及有机渗透物质含量来有效缓解胁迫伤害,从而对Hg2+表现出一定的耐性,并以无性系NC的耐受性较好.