Characterization of Viticultural Terroirs using a Simple Field Model Based on Soil Depth – II. Validation of the Grape Yield and Berry Quality in the Anjou Vineyard (France)

Soil and climate are major constituents of the French notion of Terroir. This concept implies that there is a strong relationship between the composition of the grape, the characteristics of the wine and the territory of production. To study this link, a new method of characterization of the Terroir, including geological and pedological factors, was investigated. It uses a field model based on depth and clay content of soil, together with the degree of weathering of the parent rock. Consequently, for every type of parent rock belonging to a given geologic stage, there are a series of soils that show different stages of pedological evolution. According to the model, three kinds of soils are distinguished with regards to the weathering intensity of the parent rock, that are named weakly weathered rock (WWR), moderately weathered rock (MWR) and strongly weathered rock (SWR). By hypothesis, each soil type is considered as a homogeneous unit for vine production from the viewpoint of ecophysiological factors. Each terroir unit defined by this method is called a Basic Terroir Unit (BTU). To validate this hypothesis, experimental plots planted with Chenin and Cabernet Franc vines were studied over three consecutive seasons (2000–2002), in the Anjou vineyard (Loire Valley – France). The major BTUs developed on the two most important geological systems of Anjou (Brioverian and Ordovician–Devonian), were studied. Results showed that the berries of vines cultivated in WWR were significantly smaller, richer in sugars and anthocyanins and had a Total Phenolic Index higher than those of the vines cultivated in SWR. They also had a lower titratable acidity. Cabernet Franc vines cultivated in MWR had berries with sugar and anthocyanin contents but also total phenolics very close to those of WWR. With Chenin vines there was a good relationship between the global pool of free aromas of berries and the BTU type. The study showed significant relationships between the quality of grapes and the measured values of several ecophysiological variables such as the water supply regime or the timing of budburst.     

Effects of lateral amygdala lesions on the responses to novelty in mice

Bilateral electrolytic lesions restricted to the lateral, basolateral and basomedial amygdaloid nuclei in mice produced a lack of avoidance responses towards novel stimuli. While controls showed avoidance and burying reactions to a novel object introduced into their familiar environment, lesioned mice displayed a high number of approach responses and a low level of burying reactions. Furthermore, when given the opportunity to move around freely in simultaneously presented novel and familiar places, control mice at first exhibited avoidance reactions to the novel environment before showing novelty preference. There were no avoidance reactions in lesioned mice. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that amygdala plays a specific role in the regulation of defensive reactions.     

Regulation of the amylase secretion by the yeast Filobasidium capsuligenum and a 2-deoxy-d-glucose resistant mutant

Summary The regulation of extracellular amylase production by the basidiomycetous yeast Filobasidium capsuligenum CCY 64-5-1 was characterized using growing and resting cells. A basal level of amylolytic activity was produced with various carbon sources including glucose. Amylase secretion was repressed by glucose and, more severely, by 2-deoxy-d-glucose, whereas compounds with -1,4-linked glucose, such as methyl glucoside, maltose, -cyclodextrin and soluble starch, served as inducers. Repression was not relieved by exogenously added cAMP. The effects of several metabolic inhibitors on amylase secretion were studied. Following UV-mutagenesis a mutant strain (FC-5) capable of growing in a 2-deoxy-d-glucose supplemented corn starch medium was selected for further characterization. This strain produced more amylase, had acquired an increased resistance against repression by glucose, and retained a growth rate comparable to the wild type. FC-5 was also characterized by a reduced glucokinase activity and an increased hexokinase activity.     

ent-Kaurene Synthesis and Endogenous Levels of Gibberellins in a Shoot Forming Tobacco Crown Gall Tissue

The in vitro ent-Mcaurene synthesizing capacity, as well asthe endogenous GA content of shoot-forming tobacco crown gallsinduced by a nopaline-type Ti plasmid, was studied. For determinationof the ent-kaurene synthesizing capacity, an HPLC procedurepreceded by sample clean-up was used and the GA content wasexamined by GC-SIM. Kaurene synthesis reached a maximum at thebeginning of the logarithmic phase of growth. There was a clearcorrelation between the ent-kaurene synthesizing capacity andthe content of C₂₀-GAs. It seems that gibberellin synthesisis related to growth and development of the tissue. The natureof the GAs identified suggests, that the GA metabolism mightbe an unusual one. (Received October 12, 1987; Accepted April 11, 1988)     

Differentiation of the melanotrophic cells of rat pituitary primordium in organotypic culture in defined medium

Summary Organotypic cultures, in defined medium, of pituitary primordia obtained from 15-day-old rat fetuses were performed in order to study the in vitro differentiation of melanotrophic cells. The morphological and ultrastructural features of the transplants resembled those of the gland developing in vivo. In situ hybridization on semi-thin sections, using a ³⁵S-labelled oligonucleotide probe, revealed pro-opiomelanocortin-mRNA-containing cells on the first day of culture in the anterior lobe and after 2–3 days in the intermediate lobe. Immunoperoxidase labelling of adjacent sections showed that the same cells reacted with antibodies against -melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH), ₃ and adrenocorticotropic hormone in both lobes. The pro-opiomelanocortin-mRNA-containing cells formed progressively conspicuous areas in the intermediate lobe, which was almost uniformly labelled after 6 days. In the anterior lobe, these cells remained scattered in small cell groups, and colloidal gold immunolabelling showed the progressive disappearance of MSH labelling from the secretory vesicles in cells exhibiting morphological features of adult corticotrophic cells. Both the MSH content of the explants and MSH release into the culture medium increased with time. Treatment with the dopamine agonist bromocriptine induced a strong dose-dependent decrease in MSH secretion, which was significant after 3 days in culture, indicating that dopamine D₂ receptors are able to regulate hormonal release of melanotrophic cells at early stages. This system constitutes a suitable model for further studies of factors controlling cell differentiation and cellular interactions involved in histogenesis.     

Biofeedback control of migraine headaches: A comparison of two approaches

In order to assess the relative effectiveness of finger warming and temporal blood volume pulse reduction biofeedback in the treatment of migraine, 22 female migraine patients were assigned to one of three experimental conditions: temporal artery constriction feedback, finger temperature feedback, or waiting list. Biofeedback training consisted of 12 sessions over a 6-week period. All patients completed 5 weeks of daily self-monitoring of headache activity (frequency, duration, and intensity) and medication before and after treatment. Treatment credibility was assessed at the end of Sessions 1, 6, and 12. Results showed that temporal constriction and finger temperature biofeedback were equally effective in controlling migraine headaches and produced greater benefits than the waiting list condition. Power analyses indicated that very large sample sizes would have been required to detect any significant differences between the two treatment groups. No significant relationships were found between levels of therapeutic gains and levels of thermal or blood volume pulse self-regulation skills. Likewise, treatment outcome was not found to be related to treatment credibility. Further analyses revealed that changes in headache activity and medication were associated with changes in vasomotor variability. Because blood volume pulse variability was not significantly affected by biofeedback training, questions about its role in the therapeutic mechanism are raised.This research was supported in part by grants from the Quebec Ministry of Education and the Quebec Ministery of Social Affairs to the first author, and an award from the Medical Research Council of Canada to the second author. The authors are indebted to Drs. Frank Andrasik, Howard Barbaree, Edward Blanchard, Martin Ford, and Patrick McGrath, as well as to two anonymous reviewers, for their helpful comments on an earlier draft of this paper.     

Estimation of the mechanical parameters of the human respiratory system

A numerical algorithm has been developed for the estimation of the mechanical parameters of the human respiratory system. In order to estimate the pulmonary resistance and the dynamic pulmonary elastance, the transpulmonary pressure and the airflow at the mouth or nose are expanded in Chebyshev series. The nonlinear mathematical lung model and a set of measurements for airflow and pressure are then handled by the numerical technique. The lung model includes a component to account for turbulent flow in the larynx and trachea. This contribution presents an alternative method for lung parameter estimation and differs from most existing methods in that it does not need measurements for the tidal volume. It therefore eliminates the use of a body plethysmograph. The method may also find potential application to various other parameter identification problems.     

Calorimetric measurement of free energy utilization by Nitrosomonas and Nitrobacter

Summary Calorimetric estimates of the utilization efficiency of the free-energy derived from substrate oxidation by cell suspensions of two nitrifying bacteria, Nitrosomonas and Nitrobacter, provided two ranges of values: 11 to 27% and 15 to 51%, respectively. About 15 to 30% of the utilized free-energy is used for driving endergonic reactions other than CO₂ fixation, probably the synthesis of polyphosphates.The molar heat of substrate oxidation does not seem to be influenced by the age of cells harvested during growth or by the length of the incubation period during which cells have been kept in a buffer suspension in a starved condition. The loss of respiratory activity measured either by oxygen uptake or heat evolution in the presence of the specific substrate, nitrite or ammonium, decreases according to kinetics which are influenced by the aerobiosis of the suspension. The viability of the starved cells decreases in a way which is similar to that of the respiratory activity. It seemed impossible to obtain cells which had lost their viability but kept the ability to oxidize their substrate.Two inhibitors of the respiratory chain, quinacrine and cyanide, are without effect on the molar heat of substrate oxidation and consequently on the free-energy utilization efficiency. 2.4 dinitrophenol did decrease the rate of heat evolution during substrate oxidation at concentrations at which the rate of oxygen uptake was not depressed, with the consequences that free-energy efficiency was apparently increased.