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ADOLFO AMZQUITA ALBERTINA P. LIMA ROBERT JEHLE LINA CASTELLANOS
SCAR RAMOS ANDREW J. CRAWFORD HERBERT GASSER WALTER H
DL 《Biological journal of the Linnean Society. Linnean Society of London》2009,98(4):826-838
Evolutionary divergence in behavioural traits related to mating may represent the initial stage of speciation. Direct selective forces are usually invoked to explain divergence in mate‐recognition traits, often neglecting a role for neutral processes or concomitant differentiation in ecological traits. We adopted a multi‐trait approach to obtain a deeper understanding of the mechanisms behind allopatric divergence in the Amazonian frog, Allobates femoralis. We tested the null hypothesis that geographic distance between populations correlates with genetic and phenotypic divergence, and compared divergence between mate‐recognition (acoustic) and ecological (coloration, body‐shape) traits. We quantified geographic variation in 39 phenotypic traits and a mitochondrial DNA marker among 125 individuals representing eight populations. Geographic variation in acoustic traits was pronounced and tracked the spatial genetic variation, which appeared to be neutral. Thus, the evolution of acoustic traits tracked the shared history of the populations, which is unexpected for pan‐Amazonian taxa or for mate‐recognition traits. Divergence in coloration appeared uncorrelated with genetic distance, and might be partly attributed to local selective pressures, and perhaps to Batesian mimicry. Divergence in body‐shape traits was low. The results obtained depict a complex evolutionary scenario and emphasize the importance of considering multiple traits when disentangling the forces behind allopatric divergence. ©2009 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2009, 98 , 826–838. 相似文献
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PETER TYRER ROGER MULDER MIKE CRAWFORD GILES NEWTON‐HOWES ERIK SIMONSEN DAVID NDETEI NESTOR KOLDOBSKY ANDREA FOSSATI JOSEPH MBATIA BARBARA BARRETT 《World psychiatry》2010,9(1):56-60
Personality disorder is now being accepted as an important condition in
mainstream psychiatry across the world. Although it often remains unrecognized
in ordinary practice, research studies have shown it is common, creates considerable
morbidity, is associated with high costs to services and to society, and interferes,
usually negatively, with progress in the treatment of other mental disorders.
We now have evidence that personality disorder, as currently classified, affects
around 6% of the world population, and the differences between countries show
no consistent variation. We are also getting increasing evidence that some
treatments, mainly psychological, are of value in this group of disorders.
What is now needed is a new classification that is of greater value to clinicians,
and the WPA Section on Personality Disorders is currently undertaking this
task. 相似文献
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JOSEPH L. FERREIRA RONALD G. CRAWFORD 《Journal of Rapid Methods and Automation in Microbiology》1998,6(4):289-296
Mascarpone cheese implicated in a botulism outbreak was examined for preformed and cultural botulinal toxins using the mouse bioassay. The cheese was also assayed for cultural toxins and for the most probable number (MPN) of toxin-producing organisms/g using an amplified ELISA. No preformed botulinal toxins were discovered in the cheese samples (pH range 5.84-5.86) using the mouse bioassay. However, after cheese subculture in tryptone-peptone-glucose-yeast extract broth, type A botulinal toxin-producing organisms that formed more than 10,000 MLD (mouse lethal dose)/mL in culture were detected. The ELISA results also revealed that type A toxin was present in the culture with a sensitivity of ∼ 10 MLD/mL. The MPN of type A toxin-producing organisms/g in 12 cheese samples examined ranged from < 0.3-9.33. No ELISA cross-reactivity was noted between the type A toxic cultures and other types (B, E, or F). The ELISA sensitivity was ∼5 MLD/mL casein buffer using purified type A neurotoxin. The advantages of the ELISA test are that the toxin type and approximate lethal dose can be determined within one day compared to the mouse bioassay which takes 3–5 days. 相似文献
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The histochemical demonstration of leucine aminopeptidase 总被引:17,自引:0,他引:17
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