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151.
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153.
Accurately predicting the response of species to climate change is crucial for the preservation of contemporary species diversity. In the current study, we analyze the response of two congeneric small mammal species (Peromyscus maniculatus and Peromyscus truei) to recent climate change in the region of Yosemite National Park (California, USA). The generalist P. maniculatus did not change its distribution in response to climate change while the specialist P. truei substantially changed its geographic and elevational distribution in the region, expanding into Yosemite. Using molecular genetic techniques we found that a cryptic geographic shift in genetic variation may have occurred within the geographically stable P. maniculatus distribution. Using a combination of morphometric and molecular genetic techniques we confirmed that a P. truei subspecies previously identified as a habitat specialist expanded into new habitat types, suggesting that this subspecies is not in fact a habitat specialist. Instead, we propose that the range of this subspecies is instead limited by climatic variables currently varying in response to contemporary climate change. These results underscore the importance of verifying the natural‐history‐based assumptions used to develop predictive models of species' response to climate change. 相似文献
154.
Uric acid deposits in symbiotic marine algae 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
PETA L. CLODE MARTIN SAUNDERS GARTH MAKER MARTHA LUDWIG & CRAIG A. ATKINS 《Plant, cell & environment》2009,32(2):170-177
The symbiosis between cnidarians and dinoflagellate algae is not understood at the cell or molecular level, yet this relationship is responsible for the formation of thousands of square kilometres of coral reefs. We have investigated the nature of crystalline material prominent within marine algal symbionts of Aiptasia sp. anemones. This material, which has historically been considered to be calcium oxalate, is shown to be uric acid. We demonstrate that these abundant uric acid stores can be mobilized rapidly, thereby allowing the algal symbionts to flourish in an otherwise N-poor environment. This is the first report of uric acid accumulation by symbiotic marine algae. These data provide new insight and considerations for understanding the physiological basis of algal symbioses, and represent a new and previously unconsidered aspect of N metabolism in cnidarian, and a variety of other, marine symbioses. 相似文献
155.
DAVID B. LINDENMAYER PHILIP GIBBONS MAX BOURKE MARK BURGMAN CHRIS R. DICKMAN SIMON FERRIER JAMES FITZSIMONS DAVID FREUDENBERGER STEPHEN T. GARNETT CRAIG GROVES RICHARD J. HOBBS RICHARD T. KINGSFORD CHARLES KREBS SARAH LEGGE ANDREW J. LOWE ROB MCLEAN JENSEN MONTAMBAULT HUGH POSSINGHAM JIM RADFORD DOUG ROBINSON LISA SMALLBONE DAVID THOMAS TONY VARCOE MICHAEL VARDON GLENDA WARDLE ANDRE ZERGER 《Austral ecology》2012,37(3):285-294
Effective biodiversity monitoring is critical to evaluate, learn from, and ultimately improve conservation practice. Well conceived, designed and implemented monitoring of biodiversity should: (i) deliver information on trends in key aspects of biodiversity (e.g. population changes); (ii) provide early warning of problems that might otherwise be difficult or expensive to reverse; (iii) generate quantifiable evidence of conservation successes (e.g. species recovery following management) and conservation failures; (iv) highlight ways to make management more effective; and (v) provide information on return on conservation investment. The importance of effective biodiversity monitoring is widely recognized (e.g. Australian Biodiversity Strategy). Yet, while everyone thinks biodiversity monitoring is a good idea, this has not translated into a culture of sound biodiversity monitoring, or widespread use of monitoring data. We identify four barriers to more effective biodiversity monitoring in Australia. These are: (i) many conservation programmes have poorly articulated or vague objectives against which it is difficult to measure progress contributing to design and implementation problems; (ii) the case for long‐term and sustained biodiversity monitoring is often poorly developed and/or articulated; (iii) there is often a lack of appropriate institutional support, co‐ordination, and targeted funding for biodiversity monitoring; and (iv) there is often a lack of appropriate standards to guide monitoring activities and make data available from these programmes. To deal with these issues, we suggest that policy makers, resource managers and scientists better and more explicitly articulate the objectives of biodiversity monitoring and better demonstrate the case for greater investments in biodiversitymonitoring. There is an urgent need for improved institutional support for biodiversity monitoring in Australia, for improved monitoring standards, and for improved archiving of, and access to, monitoring data. We suggest that more strategic financial, institutional and intellectual investments in monitoring will lead to more efficient use of the resources available for biodiversity conservation and ultimately better conservation outcomes. 相似文献
156.
CRAIG R. BRODERSEN LINDSEY C. ROARK JARMILA PITTERMANN 《Plant, cell & environment》2012,35(11):1898-1911
Xylem structure and function are well described in woody plants, but the implications of xylem organization in less‐derived plants such as ferns are poorly understood. Here, two ferns with contrasting phenology and xylem organization were selected to investigate how xylem dysfunction affects hydraulic conductivity and stomatal conductance (gs). The drought‐deciduous pioneer species, Pteridium aquilinum, exhibits fronds composed of 25 to 37 highly integrated vascular bundles with many connections, high gs and moderate cavitation resistance (P50 = ?2.23 MPa). By contrast, the evergreen Woodwardia fimbriata exhibits sectored fronds with 3 to 5 vascular bundles and infrequent connections, low gs and high resistance to cavitation (P50 = ?5.21 MPa). Xylem‐specific conductivity was significantly higher in P. aqulinium in part due to its wide, efficient conduits that supply its rapidly transpiring pinnae. These trade‐offs imply that the contrasting xylem organization of these ferns mirrors their divergent life history strategies. Greater hydraulic connectivity and gs promote rapid seasonal growth, but come with the risk of increased vulnerability to cavitation in P. aquilinum, while the conservative xylem organization of W. fimbriata leads to slower growth but greater drought tolerance and frond longevity. 相似文献
157.
PAULA K. LEHTONEN TONI LAAKSONEN §§§ ALEKSANDR V. ARTEMYEV† EUGEN BELSKII‡ CHRISTIAAN BOTH§ STANISLAV BURE¶ REY V. BUSHUEV INDRIKIS KRAMS †† JUAN MORENO‡‡ MARKO MÄGI§§ REAS NORD¶¶ JAIME POTTI PIERRE-ALAIN RAVUSSIN††† PÄIVI M. SIRKIÄ GLENN-PETER SÆTRE‡‡‡ CRAIG R. PRIMMER 《Molecular ecology》2009,18(21):4463-4476
The pied flycatcher is one of the most phenotypically variable bird species in Europe. The geographic variation in phenotypes has often been attributed to spatial variation in selection regimes that is associated with the presence or absence of the congeneric collared flycatcher. Spatial variation in phenotypes could however also be generated by spatially restricted gene flow and genetic drift. We examined the genetic population structure of pied flycatchers across the breeding range and applied the phenotypic Q ST ( P ST )– F ST approach to detect indirect signals of divergent selection on dorsal plumage colouration in pied flycatcher males. Allelic frequencies at neutral markers were found to significantly differ among populations breeding in central and southern Europe whereas northerly breeding pied flycatchers were found to be one apparently panmictic group of individuals. Pairwise differences between phenotypic ( P ST ) and neutral genetic distances ( F ST ) were positively correlated after removing the most differentiated Spanish and Swiss populations from the analysis, suggesting that genetic drift may have contributed to the observed phenotypic differentiation in some parts of the pied flycatcher breeding range. Differentiation in dorsal plumage colouration however greatly exceeded that observed at neutral genetic markers, which indicates that the observed pattern of phenotypic differentiation is unlikely to be solely maintained by restricted gene flow and genetic drift. 相似文献
158.
The Relationship Between Lipid Peroxidation, Hibernation, and Food Selection in Mammals 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
FRANK CRAIG L.; DIERENFELD ELLEN S.; STOREY KENNETH B. 《Integrative and comparative biology》1998,38(2):341-349
SYNOPSIS. A diet that has high levels of polyunsaturated fattyacids enhances mammalian torpor. Polyunsaturated fatty acidsare not synthesized by mammals, but are incorporated into bothmembrane and storage lipids when they occur in the diet. Polyunsaturatedfatty acids also undergo autoxidation more readily than otherfatty acids, thereby producing highly toxic lipid peroxides.Lipid peroxidation increases during torpor. Natural selectionin mammalian hibernators should thus have favored the evolutionof dietary preferences that maximize hibernation ability whilesimultaneously minimizing the degree of lipid peroxidation duringtorpor. This hypothesis was tested in laboratory experimentsand field studies involving golden-mantled ground squirrels(Spermophilus lateralis). We found that the intake of polyunsaturatedfatty acids isrestricted during the fall and autoxidation intissues occurs mostly during the later phases of hibernation. 相似文献
159.
Contrasting levels of DNA polymorphism at the autosomal and X-linked visual color pigment loci in humans and squirrel monkeys 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The X-linked color pigment (opsin) locus is known to be highly polymorphic
in the squirrel monkey and other New World monkeys. To see whether this is
also the case for the autosomal (blue) opsin locus, we obtained 32 squirrel
monkey and 30 human blue opsin gene sequences. No amino acid polymorphism
was found in either the squirrel monkey sample or the human sample,
contrary to the situation at the X-linked opsin locus. This sharp contrast
in the level of polymorphism might be due to differences in gene expression
between the autosomal and the X-linked loci. At the X-linked locus,
heterozygote advantage can occur because, owing to X-inactivation, the two
alleles in a heterozygote are expressed in different cone cells, producing
two types of cone cell, whereas at the autosomal locus, heterozygote
advantage cannot occur because the two alleles in a heterozygote are
expressed in the same cone cells, producing only one type of cone cell
(i.e., phenotypically a homozygote). From the sequence data, the levels of
nucleotide diversity (pi, i.e., the number of nucleotide differences per
site) are estimated: for the human sample, pi = 0.00% per nondegenerate
site, 0.00% per twofold degenerate site, and 0.04% per fourfold degenerate
site in the coding regions and 0.01% per site in intron 4; for the squirrel
monkey sample, pi = 0.00% per nondegenerate site, 0.00% per twofold
degenerate site, and 0.15% per fourfold degenerate site in the coding
regions and 0.17% per site in intron 4. The blue opsin genes from the
common and pygmy chimpanzees, the gorilla, the capuchin, and the howler
monkey were also sequenced. Features critical to the function of the opsin
are well conserved in all known mammalian sequences. However, the
interhelical loops are, on average, actually more conservative than the
transmembrane helical regions. In addition, these sequence data and those
from some other genes indicate that the common and pygmy chimpanzees are
not closely related, their divergence data being from one third to one half
the date of the human-chimpanzee divergence.
相似文献
160.