CONSÉQUENCES DE L'ALIMENTATION ARTIFICIELLE SUR LE DÉVELOPPEMENT LARVAIRE DE LA TEIGNE DU POIREAU,ACROLEPIOPSIS ASSECTELLA

L'importance des pressions de sélection au cours des premières générations, dans des élevages en alimentation artificielle, est mise en évidence par l'étude de souches d 'Acrolepiopsis assectella Zeller soumises à des changements de régime alimentaire. l'évolution du taux de survie et de la durée du développement des larves a été suivie pendant les premières générations après le changement, et ultérieurement contrôlée au cours de plusieurs années d'élevage dans les mêmes conditions. Le taux de survie semble atteindre assez rapidement un équilibre, dont le niveau n'est pas indépendant de l'aliment consommé, tandis qu la durée du développement larvaire devient identique pour toutes les souches dès la quatrième génération. Ces phénomènes semblent correspondre à une adaptation des insectes à leurs conditions d'élevage, qui provoquent une sélection dans les populations d'origine.     

Genome size evolution and polyploidy in the Daphnia pulex complex (Cladocera: Daphniidae)

Genome size was estimated in 49 clones of the Daphnia pulex complex from temperate and subarctic locations using flow cytometry and microsatellite DNA analyses. Significant genome size differences were found in diploid species belonging to the two genetically distinct groups (the pulicaria and the tenebrosa groups), with clones from the tenebrosa group having genome sizes 22% larger than those in the pulicaria group. Combined flow cytometry and microsatellite DNA analyses revealed that nearly all polyploid clones in the D. pulex complex are triploid and not tetraploid, as was previously suggested. Sequencing analyses of the ND5 gene to position clones in their respective clades within the D. pulex complex have uncovered three triploid clones of Daphnia middendorffiana with a D. pulex maternal parent. This result was unexpected because Daphnia pulicaria has always been identified as the maternal parent of these hybrid polyploid clones. Triploid clones likely owe their origins to interactions between sexual and asexual populations. Further interactions in the tenebrosa group have generated tetraploid clones but these events have been rare.  © 2009 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society , 2009, 97 , 68–79.     

Holothurians (Echinodermata) from Marion and Prince Edward Islands: new and little-known species

Two new species Mesothuria edwardensis sp.n. and Paradota marionensis sp.n., and four little-known species Cucumaria kerguelensis Théel, 1886, Cladodactyla crocea croceoides (Vaney, 1908), Psolidium incertum (Théel, 1886) and Synallactes challengeri (Théel, 1886) of holothurians are described from Marion and Prince Edward Islands.     

Field experiments on the relationship between drift and henthic densities of aquatic insects in tropical streams (Ivory Coast). III Trichoptera

SUMMARY. 1. Based on in situ gutter trials we related the drift of caddis flies to their benthic densities and to various abiotic factors in streams in the Ivory Coast (West Africa). Members of the families Hydropsychidae, Philopotamidae. Hydroptilidae and Leptoceridae were considered in detail.
2. The drift of larvae peaked at night in both early and late larval instars.
3. Drift of a larval group (a certain instar, species or higher taxon) was more often related to the benthic density of other larval groups than to its own benthic density.
4. Self-regulation of an upper benthic density of a larval group by emigration through drift was not statistically evident.
5. There was no straightforward relationship between drift and abiotic factors.
6. Drift rates differed between taxa as well as between larval instars (size groups) within a taxon. Newly hatched larvae had very high drift rates, whereas the last larval instar usually had the lowest drift rate.
7. We related these results to the violently fluctuating discharge of the streams in the study area and the consequent variability of space for lotic insects.
8. Drift estimates, made at the same time as a monitoring programme on possible side-effects of insecticides (Onchocerciasis Control Programme), failed to reflect benthic densities except in the night drift of Hydropsychidae.     

Geminivirus classification and nomenclature: progress and problems

During the last few years there has been some confusion among geminivirologists about how to determine the taxonomic status of a geminivirus and provide appropriate names for newly discovered viruses. The Seventh Report of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) published in 2000, that provides guidelines for classification within the family Geminiviridae, is rapidly becoming obsolete, due mainly to the large number of complete genomic sequences that have become available. These sequences have provided a wealth of information with which to establish a coherent and durable taxonomic system, although the realisation that frequent inter‐species recombination events occur has introduced an additional level of complexity. This has resulted in a number of individual initiatives that were not fully compatible with current classification. The Geminiviridae Study Group of the ICTV exploited the last two International Geminivirus Workshops, held in Puerto Rico (1998) and Norwich, UK (2001), to debate some of the issues arising, allowing taxonomic proposals to be formulated that are in the process of being accepted by the ICTV for publication in the Eighth Report due in 2004. The present paper reviews these established principles and provides a reference with which to name and classify geminiviruses appropriately.     

The Effects of Conditions of Growth, Extraction and Reaction on a Nucleotide Phosphatase Activity Obtained from the Shoot-Root Axes of Pisum sativum var. Alaska Seedlings

Nucleotide phosphatase activity in extracts from etiolated peaseedlings (Pisum sativum var, Alaska) was studied. A markedincrease followed rupture of the seed coat by the elongatingradicle, indicating a dependence on aerobic respiration fordevelopment of the activity. Activity from the shoot-root axiswas directly correlated with axis size, inhibition of growthresulting in a reduced activity. Growth in continuous illuminationalso reduced activity, as did imbibition of phenylalanine, tyrosine,glutathione, and sodium phosphate. The activity was greaterin the shaft regions of the axis than in the tip regions. About30 percent of the activity was associated with the nuclear—mitochondral—cellwall pellet, while the reminder was more or less evenly distributedbetween a membranee fraction of high specific activity and asoluble fraction. The effects of substractes, ions, and inhibitorson the activities of membrane and soluble fractions was quitedifferent.     

Electrochemical State of Potassium and Sodium in Free Cells of Acer pseudoplatanus

The intracellular distribution of K⁺ and Na⁺ ions has been determined by compartmental analysis of isotope exchange. The simultaneous measurement of electrical potentials allowed us to show that the distribution of K⁺ was close to thermodynamic equilibrium while the internal concentration of Na⁺ was well below the value predicted for the equilibrium. The efflux of Na⁺ was more sensitive to temperature than its influx. Both ouabain and variations in the external levels of KCl produced weak and inconsistent effects, observations which would emphasize the difference between the Na⁺ extrusion mechanism of plants and animals. The Na⁺ extrusion system of Acer cells ceased to be functional in Na⁺-depleted cells but recovered its function if the cells were placed in 10 mM NaCl, which suggests that the extrusion system was induced by the level of internal Na⁺ ions.     

DURATION OF EGG-CHAMBER GROWTH IN YOUNG IMAGINES OF DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER MEIG

After [³H] thymidine injection to new-hatching Drosophila melanogaster females the migration of labelled egg-chambers through the ovarioles was studied by autoradiographies of the ovaries at daily intervals. The growth duration of egg-chambers which progressed during the first 48 hr was 24 hr longer than the growth duration of chambers progressing thereafter. This temporary delay of ovarian activity was related to endocrine modifications occuring in female during this s period and particularly to a JH-ecdysone interaction.     

Dependence of the Stomatal Index on Environmental Factors during Stomatal Differentiation in Leaves of Vigna sinensis L.: 1. EFFECT OF LIGHT INTENSITY

The stomatal index of the trifoliate leaves of the Cowpea isa function not only of the total radiation received but alsoof variations in radiation during the 6 d preceding the majorphase of the unfolding of the leaf lamina. Hence, for sun plantsa whole day in the shade can cause a decrease in the stomatalindex provided this day occurs during the period defined above.For shade plants it is shown that a single day of high lightintensity during this critical period will cause an increasein the stomatal index. The latter is thus a characteristic foreach individual leaf. It is postulated that the site of photoperceptioncontrolling the stomatal index is located in the expanded adultleaves. Excision and transfer of still unfolding leaves to aculture medium partially prevents the influence of the olderexpanded leaves on the stomatal index of the excised leaf.