粘虫Leucania separata Walker的发育和成活与环境湿度的关系——Ⅱ.前蛹和蛹

本项工作系研究粘虫水分生态问题的第二部分。本文报导了25℃及32℃中,环境湿度对粘虫化蛹以及蛹的成活、发育、失重、失水的影响,结果表明:随着相对湿度的提高,前蛹的正常化蛹率和蛹的成活率增加,而畸形蛹率和前蛹干死率则下降。蛹的失重百分率和失水百分率均与相对湿度呈负相关,其致死失重百分率为28-30%,致死失水百分率为24-27%。低湿导致蛹体死亡的原因是水分的过多丧失。在蛹的整个发育过程中,蛹体失重的变化趋势,在各种湿度中表现是一致的,即第一天的失重量最大,第四天最少,此后又略有上升。不同发育期的蛹对低湿的抵抗力不同,初蛹期抗低湿能力较弱。另一方面,在较高的温度中,低湿对蛹的影响表现得更为明显。     

Effects of turgor potentials of epidermal cells neighbouring guard cells on stomatal opening in detached leaf epidermis and intact leaflets of Vicia faba L. (faba bean)

Leaflets of Vicia faba L. (faba bean) were used to determine whether the mechanical forces resulting from the turgor potentials (Φ_p) of the larger epidermal cells neighbouring guard cells play a significant role in regulating stomatal aperture. When Φ_p, of epidermis and Φ_p of bulk leaflet tissue were compared at midday, Φ_p of epidermis were only 15–25% those of bulk leaflet tissue at all but the most negative leaflet water potentials (Φ). When plants were bagged to increase Φ by reducing vapour pressure differences between leaflets and air, Φ_p of bulk leaflet tissue increased to predawn values, but Φ_p, of epidermis increased to only = 20% of predawn values and stomata opened to their widest apertures. Stomatal apertures were positively correlated with Φ_p of bulk leaflet tissue but they were not correlated with Φ_p of epidermis. Reductions in epidermal Φ_p, began predawn, before stomata were open, and reached minimum values at midday, when stomata were open. We conclude that, in Vicia faba, (1) reduction of Φ_p of epidermal cells begins predawn, reducing the counterforce to stomatal opening that would exist if full epidermal turgor were maintained throughout the day, and (2) changes in Φ_p, of leaf epidermal cells do not play a significant role in regulating stomatal aperture.     

几种新有机杀虫药剂在防治棉蚜上的毒效比较

棉蚜的药剂防治,自从用六六六及E605替代了棉油皂及棉油乳剂之后,已经可以说基本上获得了解决。这两种药剂对棉蚜的毒性都极高;在适当的剂量及喷洒时,可以得到极好的防治效果。主要的关键,在施用这两种药剂时的适当时期和次数。由於这两种药的残效时间都比较短,因此,过了一定时期后,就必须再行喷洒。不能适期的防治,常会增加喷洒的次数;若能掌握虫情,在害虫发生关键时期加以防治,就可以在全年中只喷洒3次,害虫基本上可被抑制。     

地下害虫防治研究Ⅱ.666毒谷兼治地下害虫的研究

地下害虫为害各种农作物,造成缺苗断垅,严重影响作物产量。有许多地区,几类的地下害虫如蛴螬、金针虫、蝼蛄同时发生,因此要求一种有效的兼治办法极为群众所热望,自1950年作者研究出应用666粉制成毒谷,用以防治以蝼蛄,获得了很大效果,在各地实践应用当中发现666毒谷对于金针虫、蛴螬具有良好的兼治作用。过去国外     

Microstructure of the adhesive pad in the millipede Orthomorphella pekuensis (Polydesmida: Paradoxosomatidae)

Secondary sexual structures in millipedes have evolved to improve the efficiency with which spermatophores are transferred from males to females. Here, we demonstrate the microstructural characteristics of the sexual dimorphism in the leg adhesive pads of the millipede Orthomorphella pekuensis, using field emission scanning electron microscopy. The adult male of this millipede has developed typical adhesive pads on the legs as a secondary sexual character: these help the male hold on to the female during mating. The adhesive pads are located on the ventral surface of the tarsus in the form of numerous filamentous bristles with horizontal striation. There are approximately 300 bristles, each with an average length of approximately 60 µm, on each tarsus. Each bristle has a round socket on the surface of the tarsus and an acuminate tip. The striation appears only on the distal half of each bristle, typically.     

The family classification of the Anoplura

Fifteen families of Anoplura are recognized and defined, one with two sub-families, and a key is provided for their identification. The included genera are listed for each family, together with the relevant type-species as well as the mammalian hosts. Phylogenetic relationships between the families are discussed, and an extensive historical review and analysis of the available taxonomic characters is presented.     

A stress‐inducible sulphotransferase sulphonates salicylic acid and confers pathogen resistance in Arabidopsis

Sulphonation of small molecules by cytosolic sulphotransferases in mammals is an important process in which endogenous molecules are modified for inactivation/activation of their biological effects. Plants possess large numbers of sulphotransferase genes, but their biological functions are largely unknown. Here, we present a functional analysis of the Arabidopsis sulphotransferase AtSOT12 (At2g03760). AtSOT12 gene expression is strongly induced by salt, and osmotic stress and hormone treatments. The T‐DNA knock‐out mutant sot12 exhibited hypersensitivity to NaCl and ABA in seed germination, and to salicylic acid (SA) in seedling growth. In vitro enzyme activity assay revealed that AtSOT12 sulphonates SA, and endogenous SA levels suggested that sulphonation of SA positively regulates SA production. Upon challenging with the pathogen Pseudomonas syringae, sot12 mutant and AtSOT12 over‐expressing lines accumulate less and more SA, respectively, when compared with wild type. Consistent with the changes in SA levels, the sot12 mutant was more susceptible, while AtSOT12 over‐expressing plants are more resistant to pathogen infection. Moreover, pathogen‐induced PR gene expression in systemic leaves was significantly enhanced in AtSOT12 over‐expressing plants. The role of sulphonation of SA in SA production, mobile signalling and acquired systemic resistance is discussed.     

Pentosan polysulfate promotes proliferation and chondrogenic differentiation of adult human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal precursor cells

Introduction  

This study was undertaken to determine whether the anti-osteoarthritis drug pentosan polysulfate (PPS) influenced mesenchymal precursor cell (MPC) proliferation and differentiation.