塔里木河流域荒漠河岸林群落的多元分析与环境解释

应用无偏对应分析（DCA）及二歧指示种分析（TWINSPAN）对塔里木河流域荒漠河岸林33个植物群落方资料进行了多元分析－排序和数量分类,并应用植物群落的排序值与环境参数的多元回归分析给出各群落类型的定量环境解释,探讨了该区植物群落的基本类型,生态梯度及其与环境因子的定量关系,结果表明,塔里木河流域漠河岸林的群落类型及其分布主要取决于土壤湿度和盐分含量,并可通过环境参数的数字表达式定量的确定。     

Functional design and prey capture dynamics in an ecologically generalized surfperch (Embiotocidae)

Kinematic and electromyographic analyses of prey capture in two species of surfperch (Embiotocidae) reveal differing abilities to modulate strike activity in response to different prey types. Both the black perch, Embiotoca jacksoni, and the shiner perch, Cymatogaster aggregata, demonstrate stereotyped and conserved neuromuscular and kinematic activity in suction feeding. A distinguishing anatomical trait in this family, the interopercular shelf, enhances the coupling of hyoid movement with mandibular depression. Analyses of variance suggest a preprogrammed motor output that is ballistically launched for suction generation, with the possibility of more plasticity in latter phases of the strike. While the trophically limited shiner perch displays a stereotyped repertoire of this one strike pattern, very small prey, larger conglomerates of these, and large distinct prey elicit three modulated patterns in the black perch. Functional characteristics that enable the ecologically generalized black perch to exploit a variety of prey types include energy–conserving modulatory ability, behavioural flexibility in utilizing a conserved suction–generating programme, and the addition of specialized winnowing and spitting activity.     

Computational and Experimental Study of Performance of an Artificial Ligament: DacronTM yarn

Abstract

The success rate of reconstructing the Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) with prosthetic ligaments is currently low both in humans and animals. The stress distribution in prosthetic ligaments that causes failure is very complex and not yet understood. Therefore, we have begun to develop a Finite Element Model of a prosthetic ACL. Here we describe the normal and contact stresses in Dacron^TM yarn (a multi-fibrillar structure) using input data based on experimental measurements of the load and strain of six designed yarns.

The results show that the normal and contact stresses in the fibres of the ACL yarn are directly proportional to the yam strains. Increasing the twisting length (transverse deformation) of the yarn increases the normal stress in the fibres and the yarn modulus, but decreases the contact stresses between the fibres. The structural properties of a yarn are dependent on the specific arrangement of various filament types. Increasing the distance between the longitudinal (symmetry) axes of the filaments and the axis of symmetry of the yarn decreases the stresses.     

基于PAT的PCV2 VLPs生产过程优化与控制研究

昆虫细胞-杆状病毒载体表达系统(baculovirus expression vector system,BEVS)是病毒样颗粒亚单位疫苗(virus like particles,VLPs)的理想生产平台。动物细胞培养过程分析技术(process analytical technology,PAT)研究的重点在于更多地获取与细胞生理状态相关的过程参数,以及实现过程敏感参数的在线表征和过程控制关键时间节点的在线判定,从而指导过程优化和控制。通过昆虫Sf9细胞的分批和补料悬浮培养,发现细胞代谢活性与在线特征频率(fc)之间存在相关性。以fc作为细胞代谢活性的在线指征,在细胞代谢活性下降之前补料,使得Sf9细胞在代谢活性明显增强的基础上,最高活细胞密度提高1.75倍。通过分批培养与补料分批培养过程细胞生理特性参数的相关性分析,发现比电容增长速率(με)与培养体系S-期细胞比例之间存在相关性,με作为细胞增殖活性状态的在线指征参数,可以作为最佳接毒时间的判定依据。此外,研究还发现在线检测参数电容(ε)与最高疫苗产量之间存在相关性,可以作为疫苗最佳收获时间的在线表征参数。以在线fc值作为补料时间指征,以在线με值作为病毒感染时间指征,以在线ε值作为病毒收获时间指征,实现了猪圆环病毒2型(PCV2)VLPs的高效生产。相比于批培养,基于PAT的生产工艺疫苗单位体积产量提高76%,生产周期缩短了24h,为PCV2病毒样颗粒亚单位疫苗大规模生产提供了一种新的高效生产模式。     

Visualization of chromatin folding patterns in chicken erythrocytes by atomic force microscopy （AFM）

The organization of the higher order structure of chromatin in chicken erythrocytes has been examined with tapping-mode scanning force microscopy under conditions close to their native envirinment.Reproducible highresolution AFM images of chromatin compaction at several levels can be demonstrated.An extended beads-on-astring (width of - 15-20nm,height of - 2-3nm for each individual nucleosome) can be consistently observed.Furthermore,superbeade (width of - 40nm,height of - 7nm) are demonstrated.Visualization of the solenoid conformation at the level of 30nm chromatin fiber is attained either by using AFM or by using electron microscopy.In addition,tightly coiled chromatin fibers (- 50-60nm and - 90-110nm) can be revealed.Our data suggest that the chromatin in the interphase nucleus of chicken erythrocyte represents a high-order conformation and AFM provides useful high-resolution structural information concerning the folding pattern of interphase chromatin fibers.     

Production of Bean yellow mosaic virus resistant subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum) plants by transformation with the virus coat protein gene

Transgenic lines of subterranean clover were constructed that contained three different Bean yellow mosaic virus (BYMV) coat protein (CP) gene constructs; full-length CP, the core region of the CP, and full-length CP plus the 3′ untranslated region of the viral genome. Transgenic plants containing the full-length and core CP gene constructs showed high and moderate levels of BYMV resistance. Resistance was measured as a lack or amelioration of viral disease symptoms, which was correlated with a reduction in virus levels and yield loss. A range of different resistance phenotypes was observed. They included reduced infection rates, delay and reduction in local lesion development, and delay and reduction in severity of systemic symptom development. Resistance levels were not correlated with transgene mRNA levels and no transgene-encoded protein was detected in any of the transgenic lines. This is the first example of genetically engineered virus resistance in a clover.     

近暗散白蚁β-葡糖苷酶基因RpBg7的克隆及其在毕赤酵母中的表达

【目的】白蚁是自然界中利用木质纤维素能力很强的生物,是纤维素酶的天然资源库。本研究旨在挖掘新来源的纤维素酶基因,为生物质能源的高效利用提供新的天然酶。【方法】根据前期蛋白质组测序的结果,利用PCR结合RACE克隆了近暗散白蚁Reticulitermes perilucifugus β-葡糖苷酶7(β-glucosidase 7)基因RpBg7 cDNA全长序列;通过生物信息学软件分析了RpBg7的序列;用表达载体pPICZαA在毕赤酵母Pichia pastoris X-33中表达RpBg7蛋白,并用4-硝基苯基-β-d-吡喃葡萄糖苷(4-nitrophenyl β-d-glucopyranoside, 4pNPG)为底物检测了表达的RpBg7蛋白的酶活性。【结果】获得了近暗散白蚁的一个内源性β-葡糖苷酶7基因RpBg7(GenBank登录号: MN944395),其开放阅读框长1 485 bp,编码495个氨基酸残基。RpBg7蛋白预测分子量为57 kD,属于糖苷水解酶1(glycosidehydrolase 1, GH1)家族,具有保守的碱性氨基酸残基Glu187和Glu394。通过毕赤酵母表达系统成功表达RpBg7蛋白。酶活性分析结果表明,毕赤酵母胞外分泌蛋白粗酶液和胞内蛋白粗酶液中RpBg7酶活性分别为4.43和7.47 U/mL。【结论】克隆并利用毕赤酵母表达了近暗散白蚁的GH1家族的一个β-葡糖苷酶7基因RpBg7,为后期纤维素酶的改造和应用提供了条件。     

棉蚜在棉田中消长研究

棉蚜在棉田中为害程度的轻重是随着棉蚜发生的数量而变化的。为了进一步了解棉蚜发生规律,需要统计棉蚜在大田中每年消长的情况。我们前後在1936,1948,1949,1952及1953五年的棉花生长季节中曾在北京做了调查统计,并且在1953年在山西省解县和陕西省长安县也做了观察。现在把这些材料用曲线表示出来,同时在图表中加上当年的温度、相对湿度和雨量各线,以便研究它们对