Prenatal and postnatal transfer of fatty acids from mother to pup in the hooded seal

Unlike most mammals, hooded seal (Cystophora cristata) pups are born with a substantial layer of adipose tissue. Subsequently, during the brief lactation period of only 4 days, fasting mothers mobilize enormous amounts of lipid from blubber and secrete milk (60% fat) at rates of 10 kg·day^-1. Pups gain 7 kg·day^-1 due primarily to the deposition of fat in blubber. We measured blubber content and fatty acid composition of blubber and milk in hooded seal mother-pup pairs at birth and over the 4-day lactation period to examine the nature and source of fetal lipids, the incorporation of maternal blubber fatty acids into milk lipid, and patterns of fatty acid deposition in suckling young. The fatty acid composition of the blubber of the newborn was notably different from that of its mother. Fetal deposition was likely due to a combination of both fetal synthesis and direct placental transfer of maternal circulating fatty acids. The blubber of the newborn was characterized by high levels (>90% of total fatty acids) of saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids of primarily endogenous origin. In particular, the fetus appeared to have high Δ-9 desaturase activity as evidenced by the large amounts of 14:1n-5 (4.2%) and 16:1n-7 (37.0%) in newborn blubber compared to maternal blubber (0.2% and 14.1%, respectively). Nevertheless, essential and long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids of the n-3 and n-6 families, which could only have originated by direct transfer from the mother, comprised>7% of pup blubber fatty acids and indicated greater rates of placental transfer than found in humans. In hooded seal mothers, rapid lipid transfer during the brief lactation period appeared to be facilitated by direct incorporation of mobilized fatty acids into milk. Although some differences in proportions of specific fatty acids were found between milk and maternal blubber, most of these differences declined over the course of lactation. However, selective mobilization of 20:5n-3 from maternal blubber into milk was apparent throughout lactation and resulted in elevated levels in pup blubber at weaning compared to maternal blubber. Ingested fatty acids were deposited directly and without modification into the blubber of pups, and by 4 days the fatty acid composition of pup blubber was virtually identical to that of the milk consumed.     

机械化保护性耕作条件下土壤质量的数值化评价

通过9年的长期田间定位试验研究了陕西关中平原中部冬小麦 夏玉米轮作条件下深松耕（ST）、旋耕（RT）、秸秆还（SR）、免耕（NTS）等保护性耕作措施及传统耕作（TT）对土壤理化性状和作物产量的影响,并采用主成分分析方法进行土壤质量的综合评价.结果表明：与传统耕作相比,保护性耕作模式提高了土壤肥力质量,改善了土壤物理环境条件;显著提高了土壤脲酶和碱性磷酸酶的活性;除秸秆覆盖免耕处理的玉米和小麦产量低于传统耕作外,其他保护性耕作措施均不同程度地提高了作物产量,其中小麦增产13%～28%,玉米增产3%～12%.与传统耕作相比,保护性耕作土壤质量指数提高了19.8%～44.0%.综合考虑经济效应和生态效益,隔年深松、秸秆粉碎联合旋耕作业以及秸秆覆盖联合深松作业不仅能增加作物产量还可改善土壤质量,可在研究区进行推广应用.     

IABP在危重症冠状动脉旁路移植术围手术期的应用

目的:探讨危重症冠状动脉旁路移植术(CABG)患者围手术期应用主动脉球囊反搏(IABP)疗效。方法:回顾性分析2008年1月至2010年9月40例应用IABP治疗的危重症CABG患者围手术期资料。结果:术前安置IABP 19例,术中安置IABP 10例,术后安置IABP11例。平均IABP辅助时间98.6±48.2小时。32例患者治愈出院,死亡8例,死亡率20.0%。术前安置者死亡率为21.1%,若除外机械并发症原因则死亡率为10.5%;术中安置者死亡率为20.0%;术后安置者死亡率为18.2%。5例出现血小板减少症;1例出现肠系膜动脉栓塞。结论:IABP是一种安全有效的循环辅助方法,积极应用可以明显提高危重症CABG的治疗效果。     

Phycobilisomes in Blue-Green Algae

Fifteen species of freshwater blue-green algae, including unicellular, filamentous, and colonial forms, were subjected to a variety of fixatives, fixation conditions, and stains for comparison of the preservation of phycobilisomes. Absorption spectra of the corresponding in vivo and released photosynthetic pigments, in 10 of the species that were maintained in culture, demonstrated the presence of phycocyanin in all 10 species and phycoerythrin in only 2 of them. Spectroscope and electron microscope evidence was obtained for localization of phycobiliproteins in phycobilisomes of Nostoc muscorum. Phycobilisomes were observed in all species examined in situ, strenghening the hypothesis that phycobilisomes are common to all phycobiliprotein-containing photosynthetic blue-green algae.     

低钙透析液联合醋酸钙对血液透析患者高磷血症的影响

目的：研究低钙透析液联合醋酸钙治疗对血液透析患者血磷、血钙及甲状旁腺激素iPTH水平的影响。方法：将30例维持性血液透析患者随机分为试验组和对照组,在试验期间所有患者均低磷饮食,两组透析液钙浓度均为1．25mmol／L,试验组同时给予醋酸钙治疗,对照组不应用醋酸钙治疗,三个月后观察和比较两组患者的血钙、血磷及血iPTH水平的变化。结果：治疗前,两组各组血磷、血钙、血磷和血iPTH的水平比较差异均无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。治疗后,对照组血钙水平明显下降（P〈0．05）,血iPTH水平略上升但无统计学意义（P〉0．05）,血磷水平无显著变化（P〉0．05）;试验组血iPTH水平略下降（P〉0．05）,血钙水平无明显变化（P〉0．05）,但血磷明显下降（P〈0．05）;且试验组血磷水平较对照组明显下降（P〈0．05）,血钙水平显著高于对照组（P〈O．05）,但在正常范围内,两组血iPTH水平比较无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论：低钙透析液联合醋酸钙治疗可有效降低血液透析患者的血磷水平,且不会导致高钙血症的发生。     

高硫高砷金精矿生物预氧化条件优化

摘要:【目的】研究温度以及返回液添加量对体系中氧化效果以及金(Au)氰化浸出率的影响。【方法】针对某高硫高砷金精矿建立了一套连续生物预氧化体系(氧化时间6 d),比较不同的温度(40℃和45℃)和返回液添加量(0和600mL)对生物预氧化效果的影响:间隔8 h连续测定氧化体系中的氧化液、氧化渣以及氰化渣中的总Fe、总S、总As以及SO4 2－和Au含量;并用16S rRNA基因克隆文库的方法对体系中的浸矿菌群结构进行分析。【结果】结果显示,提高温度和添加氧化返回液都会改变体系:升高温度在一定程度上提高了体系的氧化程度,主要表现为显著降低了尾渣中总铁、总硫含量,显著提高了尾渣中的S6 + 比例,并且降低前三槽氧化体系的耗碱量;投加返回液则会降低体系的氧化程度,主要表现为显著提高了尾渣金品位和铁含量,显著降低了尾渣中的S6 + 以及Au 浸出率;Dissimilarity和DCA结果表明温度变化对体系的影响更为显著;氧化过程中的Au 浸出率、硫氧化率以及As 去除率,三者互为显著正相关;克隆文库结果显示,该浸矿菌群主要包括3类细菌: Acidithiocacillus caldu (71%)、Leptospirillum ferriphilum (23%)和Sulfobacillus thermosulfidooxidans(6%),基于97%相似性的OTU覆盖率达93.67%。【结论】研究结果表明,相对于添加返回液,温度变化会更显著的改变体系反应效率。提高体系温度有利于矿物的氧化,而添加返回液会降低Au浸出率。本文首次研究了连续生物预氧化过程中温度梯度和返回液添加对体系的影响,本研究结果对中温生物预氧化工业生产的工艺优化、降低工业运行成本具有重要的指导意义。     

黄龙山林区封育油松种群动态研究

对不同封育年限油松种群的高度、径级、年龄结构进行分析,运用马尔可夫转移矩阵预测种群密度动态。结果表明,不同封育年限种群的生长发育明显不同。种群个体高度以2～4m和6～8。占优势,胸径以0～2cm的小径阶和〉20cm的大径阶占较大比重;在各封育系列中,种群的密度中、大级出现几率较大。在封育45年前,种群的年龄结构中大树所占比例最大;45年后,小树和幼苗则较多,但种群弱小个体大量死亡。本区天然林保护年限最短应确定为45年。