三株亚肉座菌乙酸乙酯提取物生物活性及GC-MS分析

采用乙酸乙酯提取3株亚肉座菌菌丝体,测试虫生真菌乙酸乙酯提取物（EAE）的抗肿瘤、抗菌和抗氧化活性,并借助GC-MS方法分析各提取物中的化学成分。结果发现2株亚肉座菌的菌丝体EAE对HepG2细胞的抑制活性较强,IC₅₀均小于9μmol/L;抗菌结果表明2株真菌的提取物具有抑制细菌生长的作用;1株供试菌的EAE表现出较强的DPPH自由基清除活性（清除率可达85%）。GC-MS分析表明从亚肉座菌JXJG201717、JXJG201720和ARSEF7697的EAE中分别鉴定出21、35和39种成分,主要成分为酯类、醇类和酸类;盘状亚肉座菌JXJG201720与ARSEF7697有相同化合物13个,与暹罗亚肉座菌JXJG201717存在7个相同化合物。本研究表明虫生亚肉座菌具有产生丰富活性成分的能力,彰显出多种利用价值。     

桔黄赛多孢菌胞外胰蛋白酶的酶学特性

桔黄赛多孢菌Scedosporium aurantiacum是慢性肺病患者的常见呼吸道定植菌,在免疫缺陷人群中可引起侵袭性感染,致死率高,但由于致病机理不明,目前仍然缺乏有效的防控手段。我们在前期研究中,通过差异蛋白组学及酶工程技术发现分泌胰蛋白酶是桔黄赛多孢菌的潜在毒力因子,目前对这种蛋白酶的遗传信息、结构及致病机制并不清楚。本研究用Superdex S-200分子筛和DEAE-Sepharose离子交换两种填料将这种蛋白酶分离纯化出来,通过酶谱验证了纯化效果。进一步研究发现,这种胰蛋白酶对bFSR、bLSTR和bEKK 3种底物的水解性能最佳,对zFR和bzLR的水解性能最差。酶解最快的反应所对应的K_m为6.09μmol/L,V_max为13.01μmol/L/s,K_cat为23.65/s;酶解最慢的反应所对应的K_m为29.94μmol/L,V_max为11.35μmol/L/s,K_cat为20.63/s。研究结果对于填补赛多孢菌毒力因子研究的空白、针对毒力因子开发新型的抗真菌药物和治疗方法都具有重要意义。     

荷叶离褶伞子实体化学成分

本文对祁连山野生荷叶离褶伞Lyophyllum decastes子实体的化学成分和生物活性进行研究。采用硅胶色谱、高效液相色谱等多种方法进行分离纯化得到8个化合物,通过MS、NMR和电子圆二色谱 （ECD）等方法确定了化学结构,其中有4个为聚炔类化合物。化合物1作为天然产物系首次报道,其相绝对构型是通过比较ECD的方法确定。对所得聚炔类化合物应用细胞模型进行抗氧化活性（CAA）指标检测,化合物1-4均呈现一定抗氧化活性,其中化合物1的抗氧化活性最强,其EC₅₀为(24.73±6.12)μmol/L。聚炔类化合物1-4为荷叶离褶伞首次报道成分,可作为祁连山野生荷叶离褶伞HPLC-DAD化学表征参考化合物。     

奶油栓孔菌子实体多糖的理化性质、抗氧化活性与保肝作用

本研究旨在探讨奶油栓孔菌子实体多糖（TLFPS）的化学性质和酒精性肝损伤的保护作用。首先用水提醇沉法提取得到多糖,通过化学组成分析、紫外吸收光谱法、傅里叶红外光谱法和刚果红染色法对多糖结构进行初步表征,以DPPH、ABTS、超氧阴离子自由基的清除能力和铁离子还原能力为指标评价了多糖体外抗氧化能力,在小鼠急性肝损伤之前连续灌喂多糖8d,比较各组小鼠血清和肝的相关生化指标以及组织病理切片来确定多糖对酒精性肝损伤小鼠的保护作用。结果显示：多糖具有β-吡喃糖环结构,含有较高含量的糖醛酸和硫酸根基团,空间构型不具备三股螺旋结构。在体外抗氧化活性方面,多糖对DPPH、ABTS和超氧阴离子自由基均有良好的清除活性,铁离子还原能力也呈良好的剂量依赖性。在小鼠保肝实验中,与模型组相比,多糖能够显著延长小鼠的醉酒时间和缩短醒酒时间,降低了酒精性肝损伤小鼠的肝指数,并且显著降低血清中谷丙转氨酶（alanine aminotransferase,ALT）、谷草转氨酶（aspartate aminotransferase,AST）、甘油三酯（triglyceride,TG）、总胆固醇（total cholesterol,TC）和肝脏中丙二醛（malondialdehyde,MDA）的含量,同时明显提高了肝脏中超氧化物歧化酶（superoxide dismutase,SOD）和过氧化氢酶（catalase,CAT）的活性。结果证实奶油栓孔菌子实体多糖具有良好的抗氧化能力,可以减轻由酒精引起的急性肝细胞损伤,而且对机体的毒害作用很小。肝组织病理切片也进一步证实了奶油栓孔菌多糖的保肝活性。研究结果不仅丰富了奶油栓孔菌的药用价值,而且对多糖在功能食品领域的应用提供了药效基础。     

与蝉花有关的虫草菌生物多样性的研究I：文献考证

蝉花是我国重要药用真菌,但长期以来其名称特别是学名的使用一直混乱。本文从古代医药典籍记载确认,“蝉花”是历史最久、使用最广的中名,对于其他中名具有优先权。其学名Isaria cicadae系Miquel（1838）根据巴西标本命名,但模式标本已失,原描述文字及插图均极其简单,与蝉花形态差异较大。其有性型迄今未发现,曾先后被认为是小蝉草Ophiocordyceps sobolifera和大蝉草Tolypocladium dujiaolongae (=Cordyceps cicadae Shing)。本文根据文献考证澄清了国内外关于小蝉草和大蝉草的误用,分析了长期以来大量日本文献中的命名混乱对我国认知蝉花的影响,并质疑I. cicadae在中国及其他地区的分布,提出它是一复合种,因此蝉花的分类地位及学名需要进一步研究。     

Elicitor hydrophobin Hyd1 interacts with Ubiquilin1‐like to induce maize systemic resistance

Trichoderma harzianum is a plant-beneficial fungus that secretes small cysteine-rich proteins that induce plant defense responses; however, the molecular mechanism involved in this induction is largely unknown.Here, we report that the class II hydrophobin Th Hyd1 acts as an elicitor of induced systemic resistance(ISR) in plants. Immunogold labeling and immunofluorescence revealed Th Hyd1 localized on maize(Zea mays) root cell plasma membranes. To identify host plant protein interactors of Hyd1, we screened a maize B73 root c DNA library. Th Hyd1 interacted directly with ubiquilin1-like(UBL). Furthermore, the N-terminal fragment of UBL was primarily responsible for binding with Hyd1 and the eight-cysteine amino acid of Hyd1 participated in the protein-protein interactions. Hyd1 from T. harzianum(Thhyd1) and ubl from maize were co-expressed in Arabidopsis thaliana, they synergistically promoted plant resistance against Botrytis cinerea. RNA-sequencing analysis of global gene expression in maize leaves 24 h after spraying with Curvularia lunata spore suspension showed that Thhyd1-induced systemic resistance was primarily associated with brassinosteroid signaling, likely mediated through BAK1. Jasmonate/ethylene(JA/ET)signaling was also involved to some extent in this response. Our results suggest that the Hyd1-UBL axis might play a key role in inducing systemic resistance as a result of Trichoderma-plant interactions.     

BTB/TAZ protein MdBT2 integrates multiple hormonal and environmental signals to regulate anthocyanin biosynthesis in apple

BT2 is a BTB/TAZ domain protein with key roles in multiple stress responses and the plant development of Arabidopsis (Figueroa et al. 2005; Ren et al. 2007; Mandadi et al. 2009). Recent studies have demonstrated that apple MdBT2 functions as a negative regulator in diverse hormonal and environmental signal‐induced anthocyanin biosynthesis, suggesting that MdBT2 integrates stress signals and anthocyanin biosynthesis.     

FHA2 is a plant-specific ISWI subunit responsible for stamen development and plant fertility

Imitation Switch (ISWI) chromatin remodelers are known to function in diverse multi‐subunit complexes in yeast and animals. However, the constitution and function of ISWI complexes in Arabidopsis thaliana remain unclear. In this study, we identified forkhead‐associated domain 2 (FHA2) as a plant‐specific subunit of an ISWI chromatin‐remodeling complex in Arabidopsis. By in vivo and in vitro analyses, we demonstrated that FHA2 directly binds to RLT1 and RLT2, two redundant subunits of the ISWI complex in Arabidopsis. The stamen filament is shorter in the fha2 and rlt1/2 mutants than in the wild type, whereas their pistil lengths are comparable. The shorter filament, which is due to reduced cell size, results in insufficient pollination and reduced fertility. The rlt1/2 mutant shows an early‐flowering phenotype, whereas the phenotype is not shared by the fha2 mutant. Consistent with the functional specificity of FHA2, our RNA‐seq analysis indicated that the fha2 mutant affects a subset of RLT1/2‐regulated genes that does not include genes involved in the regulation of flowering time. This study demonstrates that FHA2 functions as a previously uncharacterized subunit of the Arabidopsis ISWI complex and is exclusively involved in regulating stamen development and plant fertility.     

Tillering and small grain 1 dominates the tryptophan aminotransferase family required for local auxin biosynthesis in rice

Auxin is a crucial phytohormone, controlling multiple aspects of plant growth and responses to the changing environment. However, the role of local auxin biosynthesis in specific developmental programs remains unknown in crops. This study characterized the rice tillering and small grain 1 (tsg1) mutant, which has more tillers but a smaller panicle and grain size resulting from a reduction in endogenous auxin. TSG1 encodes a tryptophan aminotransferase that is allelic to the FISH BONE (FIB) gene. The tsg1 mutant showed hypersensitivity to indole‐3‐acetic acid and the competitive inhibitor of aminotransferase, L‐kynurenine. TSG1 knockout resulted in an increased tiller number but reduction in grain number and size, and decrease in height. Meanwhile, deletion of the TSG1 homologs OsTAR1, OsTARL1, and OsTARL2 caused no obvious changes, although the phenotype of the TSG1/OsTAR1 double mutant was intensified and infertile, suggesting gene redundancy in the rice tryptophan aminotransferase family. Interestingly, TSG1 and OsTAR1, but not OsTARL1 and OsTARL2, displayed marked aminotransferase activity. Meanwhile, subcellular localization was identified as the endoplasmic reticulum, while phylogenetic analysis revealed functional divergence of TSG1 and OsTAR1 from OsTARL1 and OsTARL2. These findings suggest that TSG1 dominates the tryptophan aminotransferase family, playing a prominent role in local auxin biosynthesis in rice.