埃博拉病毒来源miRNA的研究综述

近年来,随着对microRNA（miRNA）的广泛研究,人们发现,不仅有细胞结构的生物具有产生miRNA的能力,无细胞结构的病毒同样具有产生miRNA从而影响自身复制及调控宿主基因表达和信号通路的能力。埃博拉病毒（Ebola virus,EBOV）已经多次导致一定规模的流行,病毒的高致死率和复杂的致病机制引起了人们的高度重视,多项研究指出EBOV具有产生miRNA的能力,且在其感染过程中发挥一定的作用。本文对埃博拉病毒来源miRNA的预测、证实及检测相关研究进行综述,以期为全面了解EBOV来源的miRNA提供参考。     

汉坦病毒感染细胞整合素受体信号转导相关差异表达基因筛选

通过基因芯片技术观察汉坦病毒感染细胞后整合素受体信号转导相关基因的差异表达,以探讨汉坦病毒进入细胞的分子机制。用汉滩病毒76—118株感染原代人胚肺成纤维细胞,同时设立正常对照细胞,于感染后第6h、24h和96h同时抽提感染组与正常对照组细胞总RNA,利用荧光标记dUTP逆转录制备cDNA探针,与人类受体及信号转导类表达谱芯片杂交,并对Cy3、Cy5荧光信号做扫描分析。结果显示有37项基因出现差异表达,其中31项基因在感染后6h出现差异表达,13项下调、18项上调;但在感染后24h和96h分别只有5项和4项基因出现表达差异;而且整合素信号转导通路中的重要基因如一些蛋白激酶相关基因在感染6h表达增强,丝化增强子1在感染6h和96h表达下调,微管相关蛋白1A在感染6h表达上调、感染24h和96h表达下调。这些进一步说明汉坦病毒感染细胞与整合素有关。     

中国鄂温克、鄂伦春、达斡尔族永生细胞系的建立与保存

本采用ＥＢＶ（Ｅｐｓｔｅｉｎ－Ｂａｒｒ Ｖｉｒｕｓ）上清液转化Ｂ淋巴细胞,并加入环胞霉素Ａ（Ｃｙｃｌｏｓｐｏｒｉｎｅ Ａ）抑制Ｔ淋巴细胞,成功地对中国东北地区鄂温克族、鄂伦春族及达斡尔族的部分个体建立了永生细胞系,其中鄂温克族４９株,鄂伦春族４０株,达斡尔族５１例,总计１４０株。永久保存我国特有民族的基因组,为分析其遗传学差异奠定了基础。     

Analysis of DNA sequences of six chloroplast and nuclear genes suggests incongruence, introgression, and incomplete lineage sorting in the evolution of Lespedeza (Fabaceae)

The genus Lespedeza (Fabaceae) consists of 40 species disjunctively distributed in East Asia and eastern North America. Phylogenetic relationships of all Lespedeza species and closely related genera were reconstructed using maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood, and Bayesian analyses of sequence data from five chloroplast (rpl16, rpl32-trnL, rps16-trnQ, trnL-F, and trnK/matK) and one nuclear (ITS) DNA regions. All analyses yielded consistent relationships among major lineages. Our results suggested that Campylotropis, Kummerowia, and Lespedeza are monophyletic, respectively. Lespedeza is resolved as sister to Kummerowia and these two together are further sister to Campylotropis. Neither of the two subgenera, subgen. Lespedeza and subgen. Macrolespedeza, in Lespedeza based on morphological characters, is recovered as monophyletic. Within Lespedeza, the North American clade is retrieved as sister to the Asian clade. The nuclear and chloroplast markers showed incongruent phylogenetic signals at shallow-level phylogeny, which may point to either introgression or incomplete lineage sorting in Lespedeza. The divergence times within Lespedeza and among related genera were estimated using Bayesian approach with BEAST. It is assumed that following the divergence between Kummerowia and Lespedeza in Asia in the late Miocene, the ancestor of Lespedeza diverged into the North American and the Asian lineages. The North American ancestor quickly migrated to North America through the Bering land bridge in the late Miocene. The North American and Asian lineages started to diversify almost simultaneously in the late Miocene but resulted in biased numbers of species in two continents.     

春甘蓝田菜青虫虫情简便监测技术

在湖南 ,春甘蓝的大田生长期一般在 1月下旬至 6月上旬之间 ,这一季节的主要食叶害虫是菜青虫 Pierisrapae L .,其次是灯蛾 ,过去大量发生的小菜蛾近年来一直处于低数量低水平。而甜菜夜蛾、斜纹夜蛾此时发生极少。灯蛾的卵呈块产 ,卵粒裸露 ,单层排列 ,低龄幼虫呈集团性分布 ,不难发现。为此 ,我们只针对主要害虫菜青虫作了虫情简便监测技术的研究。1　方法1 .1　于 1 998年 5月 3日至 6月 4日菜青虫主要发生危害期在甘蓝地及其周边共 0 .0 5 km2的固定范围内每日上午 1 0时计数飞舞的成虫(菜粉蝶 )数 ,一般计数 3～ 5次 ,求其平均值 ;并…     

基于邻接矩阵分解的肿瘤亚型特征提取方法

基于肿瘤基因表达谱的肿瘤分类是生物信息学的一个重要研究内容。传统的肿瘤信息特征提取方法大多基于信息基因选择方法,但是在筛选基因时,不可避免的会造成分类信息的流失。提出了一种基于邻接矩阵分解的肿瘤亚型特征提取方法,首先对肿瘤基因表达谱数据构造高斯权邻接矩阵,接着对邻接矩阵进行奇异值分解,最后将分解得到的正交矩阵特征行向量作为分类特征输入支持向量机进行分类识别。采用留一法对白血病两个亚型的基因表达谱数据集进行实验,实验结果证明了该方法的可行性和有效性。     

Ferritin-catalyzed consumption of hydrogen peroxide by amine buffers causes the variable Fe2+ to O2 stoichiometry of iron deposition in horse spleen ferritin

Ferritin catalyzes the oxidation of Fe2+ by O2 to form a reconstituted Fe3+ oxy-hydroxide mineral core, but extensive studies have shown that the Fe2+ to O2 stoichiometry changes with experimental conditions. At Fe2+ to horse spleen ferritin (HoSF) ratios greater than 200, an upper limit of Fe2+ to O2 of 4 is typically measured, indicating O2 is reduced to 2H2O. In contrast, a lower limit of Fe2+ to O2 of approximately 2 is measured at low Fe2+ to HoSF ratios, implicating H2O2 as a product of Fe2+ deposition. Stoichiometric amounts of H2O2 have not been measured, and H2O2 is proposed to react with an unknown system component. Evidence is presented that identifies this component as amine buffers, including 3-N-morpholinopropanesulfonic acid (MOPS), which is widely used in ferritin studies. In the presence of non-amine buffers, the Fe2+ to O2 stoichiometry was approximately 4.0, but at high concentrations of amine buffers (0.10 M) the Fe2+ to O2 stoichiometry is approximately 2.5 for iron loadings of eight to 30 Fe2+ per HoSF. Decreasing the concentration of amine buffer to zero resulted in an Fe2+ to O2 stoichiometry of approximately 4. Direct evidence for amine buffer modification during Fe2+ deposition was obtained by comparing authentic and modified buffers using mass spectrometry, NMR, and thin layer chromatography. Tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane, MOPS, and N-methylmorpholine (a MOPS analog) were all rapidly chemically modified during Fe2+ deposition to form N-oxides. Under identical conditions no modification was detected when amine buffer, H2O2, and O2 were combined with Fe2+ or ferritin separately. Thus, a short-lived ferritin intermediate is required for buffer modification by H2O2. Variation of the Fe2+ to O2 stoichiometry versus the Fe2+ to HoSF ratio and the amine buffer concentration are consistent with buffer modification.     

Formation of soil organic carbon pool is regulated by the structure of dissolved organic matter and microbial carbon pump efficacy: A decadal study comparing different carbon management strategies

To achieve long-term increases in soil organic carbon (SOC) storage, it is essential to understand the effects of carbon management strategies on SOC formation pathways, particularly through changes in microbial necromass carbon (MNC) and dissolved organic carbon (DOC). Using a 14-year field study, we demonstrate that both biochar and maize straw lifted the SOC ceiling, but through different pathways. Biochar, while raising SOC and DOC content, decreased substrate degradability by increasing carbon aromaticity. This resulted in suppressed microbial abundance and enzyme activity, which lowered soil respiration, weakened in vivo turnover and ex vivo modification for MNC production (i.e., low microbial carbon pump “efficacy”), and led to lower efficiency in decomposing MNC, ultimately resulting in the net accumulation of SOC and MNC. In contrast, straw incorporation increased the content and decreased the aromaticity of SOC and DOC. The enhanced SOC degradability and soil nutrient content, such as total nitrogen and total phosphorous, stimulated the microbial population and activity, thereby boosting soil respiration and enhancing microbial carbon pump “efficacy” for MNC production. The total C added to biochar and straw plots were estimated as 27.3–54.5 and 41.4 Mg C ha⁻¹, respectively. Our results demonstrated that biochar was more efficient in lifting the SOC stock via exogenous stable carbon input and MNC stabilization, although the latter showed low “efficacy”. Meanwhile, straw incorporation significantly promoted net MNC accumulation but also stimulated SOC mineralization, resulting in a smaller increase in SOC content (by 50%) compared to biochar (by 53%–102%). The results address the decadal-scale effects of biochar and straw application on the formation of the stable organic carbon pool in soil, and understanding the causal mechanisms can allow field practices to maximize SOC content.     

江西青岚湖圆顶珠蚌的种群结构与繁殖特征研究

2008年7月至2009年7月研究了江西青岚湖圆顶珠蚌(Unio douglasiae)的种群结构与繁殖特征。从其种群结构的周年变动情况来看,该种群趋于稳定状态,壳长40-65mm的个体占大多数。在采集的标本中,最大个体壳长为83.6mm,最小个体壳长为20.3mm。圆顶珠蚌自然种群性比为1:1.20,性成熟最小雌体壳长为27.6mm,体重为2.62g;最小雄体壳长为27.9mm,体重为2.21g;5至6月间繁殖盛期,检测到最小妊娠个体壳长为29.8mm,体重为2.98g,推断一周年的圆顶珠蚌可能达到性成熟。根据圆顶珠蚌生殖细胞的发育规律和滤泡的变化特点,性腺发育分为生长期和成熟期、排放期、恢复期;属多次产卵类型。育儿囊属外鳃型,胚胎在胶质索中发育,钩介幼虫成熟后,胶质索消失成黏液状,成熟钩介幼虫附在新形成的黏液丝上排出体外。妊娠母蚌在受到刺激后,易发生流产,提前排出胶质索。繁殖期为2至7月,4、5、6月为繁殖高峰期,妊娠率分别为80.43%、84.21%和78.05%。平均繁殖力为(183.72±6.43)千粒/个,最大繁殖力为344.64千粒/个,壳长为54.5mm;最小繁殖力为49.95千粒/个,壳长为29.8mm。繁殖力与壳长和体重显著相关。这些结果不仅可以丰富淡水蚌的生物学内容,也能为淡水蚌保护和湖泊与河流的规范管理提供理论依据。