Reeves' Muntjac Muntiacus reevesi in Britain: their history, spread, habitat selection, and the role of human intervention in accelerating their dispersal

The origins, early history, captive populations, spread and habitat preferences of Reeves' Muntjac in Britain are reviewed. It is suggested that much of the published information on the history of Muntjac in Britain is based on misconceptions, and that each subsequent report has continued to promulgate a false impression on the origins, time-scale and pattern of spread of the species in Britain. Indian and Reeves' Muntjac were introduced to Woburn Park in Bedfordshire within a year of each other, and it appears that the Indian Muntjac did not thrive, at least in the decade following their introduction. How long they survived as a free-living species in Britain is unclear, but it was probably only a few years. However, there is some evidence to suggest that they might have persisted within the Park at Woburn until 1930. Following the first releases from Woburn in 1901, the numbers of free-living Reeves' Muntjac in Britain remained low until the 1920s, when populations were largely confined to the woods around Woburn, and possibly also around Tring in Hertfordshire. However, in the 1930s and 1940s there were further deliberate introductions in selected areas some distance from Woburn. As a consequence, the subsequent spread of Reeves' Muntjac was from several main foci, i.e. from the vicinity of Woburn, the Norfolk/Suffolk border, three sites in Northamptonshire, two sites in Oxfordshire and two in Warwickshire. The spread in the second half of this century has been aided by further deliberate and accidental releases, and by these means new populations continue to be established outside the main range. Thus the natural spread has been much less impressive than previously assumed; even in areas with established populations it takes a long time for Muntjac to colonize all the available habitat. Data from a number of areas in Britain suggest that the natural rate of spread is about 1 km a year, which is comparable to other species of deer in Britain. The many introductions have complicated an analysis of the habitat preferences of Reeves' Muntjac, and no clear trends could be found. It would appear that Reeves' Muntjac are less dependent on specific types of habitat than previously believed. Examination of the land-class preferences using resource selection indices showed that arable land classes were predominantly selected for, and that marginal upland land classes tended to be avoided. Subsequent logistic regression models based on the land classes selected (and to a lesser extent avoided) by Muntjac were able to predict accurately the current distribution of Reeves' Muntjac in Britain, and one of these, together with our knowledge of their history and spread, was used to infer those areas most likely to be colonized by Muntjac in the near future. The greatest potential for range expansion is in Kent and Sussex, and to a lesser extent north into Lincolnshire, Nottinghamshire and south Yorkshire, and west into Cheshire and north Shropshire. However, long-established populations in areas such as Betws-y-Coed in Wales show that Muntjac may persist in low numbers in atypical habitats. Future habitat changes, such as the planting of new woodlands, and continued deliberate and accidental releases, are likely to lead to population changes in addition to those predicted by the logistic regression model.     

Ultrastructural Aspects of the Somatic Cortex and Contractile Vacuole of the Ciliate,Ichthyophthirius multifiliis Fouquet1

The trophont stage in the life cycle of Ichthyophthirius multifiliis was studied in the electron microscope. Surface ridges contain up to 24 ridge microtubules, disposed as a ribbon. Kinetosomes show the classic morphology of 9 triplets of microtubules. Associated with each kinetosome is a kinetodesmal fibril, originating in proximity to triplets 5, 6, and 7, and having a 30 nm periodicity; 3 to 5 postciliary microtubules, originating between triplets 8 and 9; and up to 3 transverse microtubules, originating at triplet 4, as well as a parasomal sac. Each cell is partially enclosed by a system of 3 “unit” membranes: the outer limiting membrane, and the outer and inner alveolar membranes. The last two membranes define the alveolar sac. Mucocysts, each with a dense core, are present in large numbers. The contractile vacuole system includes the contractile vacuole, associated tubules and vesicles, injection canals, a discharge canal, and a pore. Microtubules abound in the walls of the contractile vacuole, injection and discharge canals, and in the region of the pores, where both ring and radial microtubular arrangements are noted. The ultrastructure suggests that I. multifiliis is more closely related to Tetrahymena pyriformis than to Paramecium aurelia.