珊瑚礁生态脆弱性评价--以泰国思仓岛为例

珊瑚礁生态系统受到环境变化、人类活动等各种因素的严重威胁,保护珊瑚礁生态系统是目前全球海洋生态保护的热点,对珊瑚礁开展定量的生态脆弱性评估能够为保护管理对策的制定提供重要科学依据。本研究选取泰国思仓岛作为研究区域,结合空间分析技术建立了具有通用性的珊瑚礁生态脆弱性评估方法。基于ESA模型构建了珊瑚礁生态脆弱性综合指数和评价指标体系,系统分析了思仓岛珊瑚礁脆弱性的来源、构成,并直观展现了脆弱性的区域空间分布。结果表明:思仓岛研究区东北侧的珊瑚礁生态脆弱性大于西南侧,当地珊瑚礁的关键影响因子分别为驳船排污、港口码头、水体透明度等。根据脆弱性评价的结果,提出了当地珊瑚礁保护与修复的空间分区管理对策。本研究为印度-太平洋区系珊瑚礁生态脆弱性评价提供了可行的示例,也为中国的珊瑚礁可持续管理研究提供了借鉴和参照。     

橡胶树橡胶生物合成调控相关基因的表达相关性分析

该文通过qPCR获得了正常割胶条件下,9个茉莉酸信号途径关键环节基因HbCOI1、HbJAZ1、HbJAZ2、HbJAZ3、HbMYC1、HbMYC2、HbMYC3、HbMYC4、HbMYC5和6个橡胶生物合成相关基因HbHRT2、HbSRPP、HbREF、HbHMGR1、HbHRT1、HbGAPDH在5个橡胶树魏克汉种质和5个1981''IRRDB种质胶乳中的表达数据; 通过皮尔逊相关系数分析了这15个基因彼此间的表达相关性,分别获得105对基因的双变量相关系数(r12)和偏相关系数(r12.3),所有105对基因的双变量相关系数(︱r12︱)和偏相关系数(︱r12.3︱)的平均值分别为0.486 ± 0.220和0.304 ± 0.211,达到0.05的差异显著水平。其中,r12与r12.3方向相同的63对(60%),方向相反的42对(40%); ︱r12︱<︱r12.3︱的23对(21.905%),︱r12︱>︱r12.3︱的82对(78.095%); 双变量相关显著性P<0.05的76对(72.38%),P<0.01的59对(56.19%); 偏相关显著性P<0.05的21对(20%),P<0.01的16对(15.24%)。结果显示,这两条途径中的基因表达彼此相关,这为基因表达谱分析中普遍采用的前提假设“功能相关基因的表达相关”提供了进一步的实验证据,可用于挖掘、筛选和预测与橡胶生物合成相关的未知基因,为研究橡胶树产量形成的分子调控机理提供理论基础。     

光照强度对大花旋蒴苣苔叶形态和生理指标的影响

以复苏植物大花旋蒴苣苔(Boea clarkeana)为盆栽实验材料,通过梯度遮光处理,研究不同光照强度(100%、80%、60%、40%和20%透光率)和不同处理时间(30、60、90、120和150d)对大花旋蒴苣苔叶生长指标和生理指标的影响。结果表明:随着光照强度的减弱,大花旋蒴苣苔叶的各生长指标(叶片长、叶片宽、叶柄长、叶柄直径以及叶面积)呈现先增大后减小的趋势,透光率为60%时达到最大值;全光照(100%透光率)时,大花旋蒴苣苔表现出明显的外伤症状,透光率为80%和20%时,分别表现出中度伤害和轻度伤害,透光率为40%和60%时,未出现明显的外伤症状;过氧化氢酶(CAT)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化物酶(POD)3种抗氧化酶活性均较低且随着光强减弱呈现先降低后升高的趋势,随着处理时间的延长呈先上升后下降的趋势,全光照时抗氧化酶的活性最大,透光率60%处理下酶活性相对较低;丙二醛(MDA)含量、脯氨酸(Pro)含量和质膜透性随着光强减弱呈先降低后升高的趋势,随着处理时间的延长显著升高;叶绿素含量随着光强减弱呈逐渐上升的趋势,随着处理时间的延长先降低后升高。分析表明,40%～60%的透光率有利于大花旋蒴苣苔的生长,强光和弱光对大花旋蒴苣苔的生长均不利。     

Insulin-like growth factor 2 regulates the proliferation and differentiation of rat adipose-derived stromal cells via IGF-1R and IR

BackgroundInsulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF2), an essential component of the stem cell niche, has been reported to modulate the proliferation and differentiation of stem cells. Previously, a continuous expression of IGF2 in tissues was reported to maintain the self-renewal ability of several types of stem cells. Therefore, in this study, we investigated the expression of IGF2 in adipose tissues and explored the effects of IGF2 on adipose-derived stromal cells (ADSCs) in vitro.MethodsThe expression pattern of IGF2 in rat adipose tissues was determined by gene expression and protein analyses. The effect of IGF2 on proliferation, stemness-related marker expression and adipogenic and osteogenic differentiation was systematically investigated. Furthermore, antagonists of IGF2-specific receptors—namely, BMS-754807 and picropodophyllin—were added to explore the underlying signal transduction mechanisms.ResultsIGF2 levels displayed a tendency to decrease with age in rat adipose tissues. After the addition of IGF2, isolated ADSCs displayed higher proliferation and expression of the stemness-related markers NANOG, OCT4 and SOX2 and greater differentiation potential to adipocytes and osteoblasts. Additionally, both type 1 insulin-like growth factor receptor (IGF-1R) and insulin receptor (IR) participated in the IGF2-mediated promotion of stemness in ADSCs.ConclusionsOur findings indicate that IGF2 could enhance the stemness of rat ADSCs via IGF-1R and IR and may highlight an effective method for the expansion of ADSCs for clinical application.     

尿苷二磷酸糖固定化酶合成法研究

利用生物酶进行体外催化反应合成不同种类的尿苷二磷酸糖（uridine diphosphate sugar,UDP-糖）,生物酶的重复利用率较低。为提高尿苷二磷酸糖的合成效率及增加产物种类,以镍螯合聚丙烯酸酯树脂为载体,对带有HIS标签的N-乙酰己糖胺激酶（N-acetylhexosamine kinase,NahK）和尿苷转移酶（uridine transferase,GlmU）进行固定化。以固定化NahK和固定化GlmU为催化酶,不同单糖作为底物,研究尿苷二磷酸糖的一锅法合成情况。利用Q柱对产物进行纯化,通过高效液相色谱法、质谱法、核磁共振氢谱法对反应产物进行检测。确定了镍螯合聚丙烯酸酯树脂对游离NahK和GlmU的实际载量分别为10和20 mg·g^-1。固定化酶量的最优配比为5.5 g固定化NahK和2.5 g固定化GlmU。固定化酶的最适pH和温度分别为8.0和35℃,且能在重复反应中稳定反应5个批次。葡萄糖、N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖和甘露糖可以参与一锅法反应,生成UDP-糖的相对分子质量分别为566、607、566,而葡萄糖醛酸、半乳糖和果糖在该体系下不能合成相应的UDP-糖。基于固定化酶技术,一锅法可合成UDP-葡萄糖、UDP-N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖、UDP-甘露糖。     

锰超氧化物歧化酶的催化原理与酶活性调节机制

锰超氧化物歧化酶(MnSOD)催化两分子超氧自由基歧化为分子氧和过氧化氢。超氧自由基被Mn³⁺SOD氧化成分子氧的反应以扩散的方式进行。超氧自由基被Mn²⁺SOD还原为过氧化氢的反应以快循环和慢循环两条途径平行进行。在慢循环途径中,Mn²⁺SOD与超氧自由基形成产物抑制复合物,然后该复合物被质子化而缓慢释放出过氧化氢。在快循环途径中,超氧自由基直接被Mn²⁺SOD转化为产物过氧化氢,快速循环有利于酶的复活与周转。本文提出温度是调节锰超氧化物歧化酶进入慢速或者快速循环催化途径的关键因素。随着在生理温度范围内的温度升高,慢速循环成为整个催化反应的主流,因而生理范围内的温度升高反而抑制该酶的活性。锰超氧化物歧化酶的双相酶促动力学特性可以用该酶保守活性中心的温度依赖性配位模型进行合理化解释。当温度降低时,1个水分子(或者OH^-)接近Mn、甚至与Mn形成配位键,从而干扰超氧自由基与Mn形成配位键而避免形成产物抑制。因此在低温下该酶促反应主要在快循环通路中进行。最后阐述了几种化学修饰模式对...     

Invalidation of Hyperamoeba by Transferring its Species to Other Genera of Myxogastria

ABSTRACT. The genus Hyperamoeba Alexeieff, 1923 was established to accommodate an aerobic amoeba exhibiting three life stages—amoeba, flagellate, and cyst. As more species/strains were isolated, it became increasingly evident from small subunit (SSU) gene phylogenies and ultrastructure that Hyperamoeba is polyphyletic and its species occupy different positions within the class Myxogastria. To pinpoint Hyperamoeba strains within other myxogastrid genera we aligned numerous myxogastrid sequences: whole small subunit ribosomal (SSU or 18S rRNA) gene for 50 dark‐spored (i.e. Stemonitida and Physarida) Myxogastria (including a new “Hyperamoeba”/Didymium sequence) and a ～400‐bp SSU fragment for 147 isolates assigned to 10 genera of the order Physarida. Phylogenetic analyses show unambiguously that the type species Hyperamoeba flagellata is a Physarum (Physarum flagellatum comb. nov.) as it nests among other Physarum species as robust sister to Physarum didermoides. Our trees also allow the following allocations: five Hyperamoeba strains to the genus Stemonitis; Hyperamoeba dachnaya, Pseudodidymium cryptomastigophorum, and three other Hyperamoeba strains to the genus Didymium; and two further Hyperamoeba strains to the family Physaridae. We therefore abandon the polyphyletic and redundant genus Hyperamoeba. We discuss the implications for the ecology and evolution of Myxogastria, whose amoeboflagellates are more widespread than previous inventories supposed, being now found in freshwater and even marine environments.     

Biodiesel production using Aspergillus niger as a whole‐cell biocatalyst in a packed‐bed reactor

Enzymatic lipase transesterification of palm oil to biodiesel in a packed‐bed reactor (PBR) using a novel strain of the fungus Aspergillus niger, immobilized within polyurethane biomass support particles (BSPs), was investigated. A three‐step addition of methanol was used to reduce lipase inhibition by immiscible methanol. The influence of water content and PBR flow rate was investigated. FAME yield was enhanced with an increase of PBR flow rate in the range of 0.15–30 L h^?1, where inefficient mixing of the reaction mixture at lower flow rates resulted in low conversion rates i.e. 69% after 72‐h reaction. Adding the third mole equivalent of methanol resulted in lipase inhibition due to methanol migration into the accumulated glycerol layer. Glutaraldehyde (GA) solution (0.5 vol.%) was used to stabilize lipase activity, which led to a high FAME yield (>90%) in the PBR after 72‐h of reaction time at a flow rate of 15 L h^?1, and a water content of 15%. Moreover, a high conversion rate (>85%) was maintained after four palm oil batch conversion cycles in the PBR. In contrast, lipase activity of non‐GA‐treated cells decreased with each PBR batch cycle, where only 70% FAME was produced after the forth PBR cycle. Transesterification of palm oil in a PBR system using BSPs‐immobilized A. niger as a whole‐cell biocatalyst is a viable process for enzymatic biodiesel production.     

黄河裸裂尻鱼肥胖基因克隆及其对青藏高原季节性冷环境的适应性表达

目的克隆黄河裸裂尻鱼肥胖基因(obese gene,ob),分析编码蛋白leptin的序列特征,检测ob mR-NA的组织特异性表达和不同环境温度下肝胰脏和白肌ob mRNA的相对表达水平,为探究黄河裸裂尻鱼在青藏高原季节性寒冷环境下的生态适应机制提供科学数据。方法利用RT-PCT、5’-RACE和3’-RACE法获得ob基因全长cDNA序列。通过已知cDNA序列设计半定量RT-PCR和real-time PCR引物,进行表达研究。结果黄河裸裂尻鱼ob基因序列全长为1 337 bp,其中开放阅读框(ORF)长513 bp,编码170个氨基酸。黄河裸裂尻鱼ob mRNA在心脏、肾脏、脂肪、肠、精巢、肝胰脏、鳃、脑和肌肉9个被检组织中均有表达,其中在心脏中表达最强,肌肉组织中表达最弱。栖息水域环境温度下降,将显著抑制黄河裸裂尻鱼肝胰脏和白肌ob mRNA的表达。结论黄河裸裂尻鱼ob基因特殊的组织表达特征可能与其特定组织的能量代谢及其特殊的生物学功能有关。Leptin在黄河裸裂尻鱼能量代谢调节和季节性环境适应方面发挥着重要作用。