Pyrosequencing Reveals Contrasting Soil Bacterial Diversity and Community Structure of Two Main Winter Wheat Cropping Systems in China

Microbes are key components of the soil environment, playing an important role in maintaining soil health, sustainability, and productivity. The composition and structure of soil bacterial communities were examined in winter wheat–rice (WR) and winter wheat–maize (WM) cropping systems derived from five locations in the Low-Middle Yangtze River plain and the Huang-Huai-Hai plain by pyrosequencing of the 16S ribosomal RNA gene amplicons. A total of 102,367 high quality sequences were used for multivariate statistical analysis and to test for correlation between community structure and environmental variables such as crop rotations, soil properties, and locations. The most abundant phyla across all soil samples were Proteobacteria, Acidobacteria, and Bacteroidetes. Similar patterns of bacterial diversity and community structure were observed within the same cropping systems, and a higher relative abundance of anaerobic bacteria was found in WR compared to WM cropping systems. Variance partitioning analysis revealed complex relationships between bacterial community and environmental variables. The effect of crop rotations was low but significant, and interactions among soil properties, locations, and crop rotations accounted for most of the explained variation in the structure of bacterial communities. Soil properties such as pH, available P, and available K showed higher correlations (positive or negative) with the majority of the abundant taxa. Bacterial diversity (the Shannon index) and richness (Chao1 and ACE) were higher under WR than WM cropping systems.     

嗜盐菌群对酸性金黄G的脱色特性和机理

【目的】为了获得能够在高盐环境下脱色偶氮染料的嗜盐菌群及其降解机理。【方法】采用富集驯化的方法获得一个嗜盐菌群,采用Illumina HiSeq2500测序平台对其群落结构进行测定;采用分光光度法测定了其降解特性;采用GC-MS和红外图谱分析了其降解机理;采用微核实验的方法比较了偶氮染料降解前后的毒性。【结果】该菌群在10%的盐度下,使100mg/L的酸性金黄G在8h内脱色。菌群主要由Zobellella、Rheinheimera、Exiguobacterium和Marinobacterium组成。最适宜的脱色条件是:pH=6,酵母粉为碳源,蛋白胨或硝酸钾作为氮源,盐度为1%–10%。酸性金黄G降解产物的毒性比降解前降低。酸性金黄G主要的降解产物是对氨基二苯胺和二苯胺。此外,该菌群还能使酸性大红GR和直接湖蓝5B等多种偶氮染料脱色,具有较好的脱色广谱性。【结论】获得了快速降解偶氮染料的嗜盐菌群及降解机理,为该嗜盐菌群应用于高盐印染废水的处理提供菌种资源和理论支持。     

Inhibition of Filamin-A Reduces Cancer Metastatic Potential

Filamin-A cross-links actin filaments into dynamic orthogonal networks, and interacts with an array of proteins of diverse cellular functions. Because several filamin-A interaction partners are implicated in signaling of cell mobility regulation, we tested the hypothesis that filamin-A plays a role in cancer metastasis. Using four pairs of filamin-A proficient and deficient isogenic cell lines, we found that filamin-A deficiency in cancer cells significantly reduces their migration and invasion. Using a xenograft tumor model with subcutaneous and intracardiac injections of tumor cells, we found that the filamin-A deficiency causes significant reduction of lung, splenic and systemic metastasis in nude mice. We evaluated the expression of filamin-A in breast cancer tissues by immunohistochemical staining, and found that low levels of filamin-A expression in cancer cells of the tumor tissues are associated with a better distant metastasis-free survival than those with normal levels of filamin-A. These data not only validate filamin-A as a prognostic marker for cancer metastasis, but also suggest that inhibition of filamin-A in cancer cells may reduce metastasis and that filamin-A can be used as a therapeutic target for filamin-A positive cancer.     

鸭儿芹羟基肉桂酸转移酶基因的克隆及其对不同温度的响应

以贵州省野生鸭儿芹为研究对象,用RT-PCR克隆获得与木质素合成有关的羟基肉桂酸转移酶基因(CjHCT),并分析CjHCT基因对不同温度的响应,探索人工栽培鸭儿芹的适宜温度。结果表明:(1)CjHCT基因开放阅读框长度为1 290bp,编码429个氨基酸;蛋白质分子质量为47.58kD,等电点为6.67;进化树分析表明,CjHCT与茄科植物的HCT亲缘关系最近。(2)荧光定量PCR分析显示,CjHCT基因在贵州鸭儿芹根、叶柄、叶及花不同组织中的表达具有组织特异性,且在根中CjHCT基因的表达量最高,而在叶中表达量最低,花与叶中该基因表达量相近。(3)对鸭儿芹生长过程中主要面临的4种不同温度(10℃、18℃、30℃和38℃)分别处理0、0.5、1、2、4、8、12、24h,荧光定量PCR检测显示,CjHCT基因的表达量(以0h处理作为对照,表达量为1)在高温(30℃和38℃)处理下于0.5h时最高,其中30℃处理的CjHCT基因表达量高于38℃处理;在低温(10℃和18℃)下鸭儿芹CjHCT基因表达量于12h时最高,其中10℃处理0.5h时CjHCT基因较对照表现为下调;高温(30℃和38℃)下CjHCT基因表达量峰值比低温(10℃和18℃)下表达量峰值高,而且峰值出现的时间也较早。该实验意义在于初步研究发现低温栽培鸭儿芹能抑制CjHCT基因的表达,为人工栽培鸭儿芹温度调控提供了参考。     

Analysis of ribosomal DNA restriction patterns in the genusKluyveromyces

Riboprinting was used to determine the relationships among strains belonging to 15 species of the genusKluyveromyces. The small subunit ribosomal RNA gene (SSU rDNA) was amplified using the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) and subjected to a battery of nine restriction enzymes. Similarity coefficients between strains were calculated based on shared and unique restriction fragments. Cluster analysis revealed three major groups that generally correlated with previously reported relationships based on other molecular data. Variations in SSU rDNA restriction fragments may be used for differentiation of theKluyveromyces strains included in this study.The U.S. Government right to retain a non-exclusive, royalty free licence in and to any copyright is acknowledged.     

敦煌壁画色变中微生物因素的研究：Ⅲ.枝孢霉在石窟壁画铅丹变色 …

从敦煌莫高窟分离的枝孢霉在模拟壁画表面萌发的条件为：２０℃,ＲＨ６０％或３０℃,ＲＨ５０％。部分石窟在特定时间内可满足这一条件。骨胶对铅丹起到保护作用,而枝孢霉可以分解骨胶,并利用其生长和形成草酸等代谢产物。这些作用使铅丹处于一个特殊的化学环境,造成稳定性下降,并促进了铅丹向铅白的转变。     

Temporal-spatial variation and the influence factors of precipitation in Sichuan Province, China

Precipitation is a key factor in the water cycle. At the same time, precipitation is the focus of study in meteorology and climatology, ecological environmental assessment, non-point source pollution and so on. Understanding the temporal-spatial variation and the corresponding factors of precipitation has become the object of hydrology and environmentology. Based on the annual precipitation data, we analyzed the spatial distribution of precipitation in Sichuan Province in China as well as the temporal-spatial variation and the corresponding influence factors involved. The results show that the amount of precipitation was abundant, but the spatial distribution was not consistent with it and the amount of precipitation gradually declined from the south-east to the north-west in Sichuan Province, China. Moreover, the spatial distribution was different throughout the years. The result of correlation analysis indicated that elevation, temperature and air pressure were three key factors affecting the amount and distribution of precipitation, and the correlation coefficients were −0.56, 0.38 and 0.45 respectively. Notably, the relationship between the slope of topography and precipitation were significantly negative and the average correlation coefficient was −0.28.     

Reduced leg blood flow during dynamic exercise in older endurance-trained men

It is currentlyunclear whether aging alters the perfusion of active muscles duringlarge-muscle dynamic exercise in humans. To study this issue, directmeasurements of leg blood flow (femoral vein thermodilution) andsystemic arterial pressure during submaximal cycle ergometry (70, 140, and 210 W) were compared between six younger (Y; 22-30 yr) and sixolder (O; 55-68 yr) chronically endurance-trainedmen. Whole body O₂uptake, ventilation, and arterial and femoral venous samples forblood-gas, catecholamine, and lactate determinations were alsoobtained. Training duration (min/day), estimated leg muscle mass(dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry; Y, 21.5 ± 1.2 vs. O, 19.9 ± 0.9 kg), and blood hemoglobin concentration (Y, 14.9 ± 0.4 vs. O, 14.7 ± 0.2 g/dl) did not significantly differ (P > 0.05) between groups. Leg bloodflow, leg vascular conductance, and femoral venousO₂ saturation were ~20-30%lower in the older men at each work rate (allP < 0.05), despite similarlevels of whole body O₂ uptake. At210 W, leg norepinephrine spillover rates and femoral venous lactateconcentrations were more than twofold higher in the older men.Pulmonary ventilation was also higher in the older men at 140 (+24%)and 210 (+39%) W. These results indicate that leg blood flow andvascular conductance during cycle ergometer exercise are significantlylower in older endurance-trained men in comparison to their youngercounterparts. The mechanisms responsible for this phenomenon and theextent to which they operate in other groups of older subjects deservefurther attention.

     

耐热碱性磷酸酶突变体耐热性变化机理研究

从耐热碱性磷酸酶（TAP）200多个随机突变体的克隆库中选出耐热性明显下降的4株突变体,进行全序列及表达产物的最高耐受温度和最适反应温度测定和酶分子高级结构的模拟,分析突变位点、高级结构和耐热性表现三者的关系,探讨引起耐热性变化的机理。结构模拟显示所有突变位点都仅能引起细微的、局部的结构变化,除T320→I外都未直接触及酶的活性中心;结构上的细微改变虽然对最适反应温度影响不明显,但却使最高耐受温度降低了10℃左右;T320→I靠近酶的活性中心,尽管未能引起结构的较大变化,但却使最高耐受温度和最适反应温度同时显著降低。可见,多数点突变对高级结构的影响都不剧烈,但对耐热性尤其是最高耐受温度的影响却比较明显,一般地,在非活性区的突变通常只能引起最高耐受温度的降低,靠近活性区的突变则能同时引起最适反应温度和最高耐受温度的降低。     

荧光物示踪法测定重复施药胁迫下食虫沟瘤蛛的摄食量动态

定量评价农药对天敌的影响是IPM研究的重要内容之一,由于对天敌的捕食量缺乏有效的定量测量方法,农药对天敌摄食功能影响仍处于定性水平的研究,误差基数较大。本文采用一种定量的测定方法——荧光物示踪法,以稀土元素铕作为荧光示踪物质,定量地测定了食虫沟瘤蛛在重复接受噻嗪酮喷施后,其存活个体在药后13天内摄食量的变化趋势,且把药后食虫沟瘤蛛的死亡率加以考虑,计算药后整个试验食虫沟瘤蛛群体的摄食量变化。结果表明：任何浓度任何一次施药后2天左右食虫沟瘤蛛存活个体的捕食量均急剧下降;药物浓度较低时,第1次施药对食虫沟瘤蛛的影响最大;药物浓度较高时,食虫沟瘤蛛存活个体药后摄食量恢复周期较长。药后一段时间内整个食虫沟瘤蛛种群的摄食率相当低下,高浓度农药处理的食虫沟瘤蛛组3次施药后13天内的平均种群摄食率只有正常状况下的1/4左右（24.44%）,推荐浓度及低于推荐浓度的食虫沟瘤蛛种群摄食率也仅为对照组的1/3左右（38.69%,36.52%）。因此在对水稻虫害防治时,应当尽可能地避免使用化学农药,充分发挥天敌对害虫数量的调控作用;当害虫数量超过经济阈值而必须施药时,也应当掌握农药用药剂量和次数的尺度,以利于食虫沟瘤蛛等稻田天敌的生理恢复和群落重建。