亚洲柑橘木虱的起源、分布和扩散能力研究进展

亚洲柑橘木虱Diaphorina citri Kuwayama是柑橘的毁灭性病害—黄龙病(huanglongbing,HLB)的传播媒介,是柑橘生产中最重要的害虫。本文综述了亚洲柑橘木虱的起源、分布和扩散情况,揭示中国亚洲柑橘木虱由南向北的扩散规律,为有效防治木虱、阻止黄龙病进一步蔓延传播、保障我国柑橘产业的健康发展提供依据。     

人防御素的研究进展

人防御素是近年发现的人体内重要的内源性抗生素,已引起国内外生物和医学研究者的日益重视。这里综述了人防御素的组织分布、分子生物学特点、作用机理、医学及药用价值等方面的研究进展,对采用基因重组方法生产人防御素的方法进行了评述,并展望了防御素的应用前景和发展趋势。     

酿酒酵母B5不对称还原制备手性药物中间体R-2′-氯-1-苯乙醇的研究

从 11株微生物中筛选出 4株具有不对称还原 2′ 氯 苯乙酮能力的酵母 ,其中酿酒酵母B5的还原产率与对映体选择性最佳。确定了酿酒酵母B5对 2′ 氯 苯乙酮还原的最佳反应时间为 2 4h ;最佳pH 8 0 ;最佳反应温度为2 5℃ ;最佳共底物为 5 % (体积比 )乙醇。同时研究了底物浓度、微生物的量、微生物的培养条件等对反应产率和立体选择性的影响。细胞浓度为 10 75mg mL(细胞干重 反应体积 )的酿酒酵母B5可将 6 47mmol L的 2′ 氯 苯乙酮10 0 %地转化为R 2′ 氯 1 苯乙醇 ,其对映体选择性为 10 0 %。酿酒酵母B5可重复利用的特点可提高产物的产量。     

The Response of Bean Plants to UV-B Radiation Under Different Irradiances of Background Visible Light

Plants of Phaseolus vulgaris L. (cv. Stella) were grown in controlledconditions under three different irradiances of visible lightwith or without UV-B (280–320nm) radiation. The biologicallyeffective UV-B radiation (UV-B_BE) was 6.17 kJ m^–2 d^–1,and simulated a c. 5% decrease in stratospheric ozone at 55.7?N,13.4?E. The photon flux densities of the photosyntheticallyactive radiation (PAR, 400–700 nm) were either 700 µmolm^–2–1 (HL), 500, µmol m^–2 s^–1(ML) or 230 µmol m^–2 s^–1 PAR (LL). Under highlight (HL) conditions plus UV-B radiation, bean plants appearedmost resistant to the enhanced levels of UV-B radiation, andresponded only by increasing leaf thickness by c. 18%. A smallincrease in UV screening pigments was also observed. Both thelower irradiances (ML and LL) increased the sensitivity of theplants to UV-B radiation. Changes in leaf structure were alsoobserved. Photosystem II was inhibited under ML and LL togetherwith UV-B radiation, as determined by Chi fluorescence inductionand calculation of the fluorescence half-rise times. Leaf reflectivitymeasurements showed that the amount of PAR able to penetrateleaves of UV-B treated plants was reduced, and that a possiblecorrelation may exist between the reduced PAR levels, loss ofChi and lowered photosynthetic activity, especially for LL +UV-Bgrown plants, where surface reflection from leaves was highest.Changes in leaf chlorophyll content were mostly confined toplants grown under LL + UV-B, where a decrease of c. 20% wasfound. With regard to protective pigments (the carotenoids andUV screening pigments) plants subjected to different visiblelight conditions responded differently. Among the growth parametersmeasured, there was a substantial decrease in leaf area, particularlyunder LL + UV-B (c. 47% relative to controls), where leaf dryweight was also reduced by c. 25%. Key words: Chlorophyll fluorescence induction, bean, flavonoids, Phaseolus vulgaris, reflectance, UV-B radiation     

石油降解菌的分离鉴定及石油污染土壤的细菌多样性

从石油污染的土壤中分离筛选到28株石油降解菌,经鉴定分别为短杆菌属、假单胞菌属、邻单胞菌属和微球菌属;对4个石油不同程度污染的土壤样品中嗜油微生物分布状况进行分析,发现污染严重的土壤样品中嗜油菌的数量相对较多;用聚合酶链式反应(PCR)、变性梯度凝胶电泳(DGGE)和切胶测序相结合的方法对4个土壤样品中的细菌多样性进行分析,结果显示在受污染的土壤中,My cobacterium和B acillus在污染程度较低的样品中分布的较为集中,F lavobacterium和A zosp ira在污染程度较高的样品中丰度较高。属于B eta p roteobacterium类群的细菌在受污染的土壤中占有优势,同时还有一些不可培养的菌群存在。气质联用(GC-M S)分析结果表明石油污染程度及污染物中芳香烃类的含量对细菌多样性有着显著影响。在石油污染程度高,芳香烃类含量高的样品中细菌的多样性相对较低。     

铜绿假单胞菌PAO1 ku基因缺失菌株的构建及其对生物被膜耐药性的影响

【背景】铜绿假单胞菌是常见的条件致病菌,易形成生物被膜,具有基因突变率高、耐药性强的特点。非同源末端连接是DNA双链断裂的主要修复途径之一,修复过程会导致DNA突变产生。【目的】研究非同源末端连接对生物被膜中的铜绿假单胞菌基因突变率和耐药性的影响。【方法】通过基因无痕敲除的方法构建PAO1菌株的ku基因缺失突变株Δku并构建其回补株。对比研究突变株和野生菌株生物被膜形成能力、生物被膜状态下各菌的基因突变率以及对抗生素的耐受性。通过荧光定量PCR检测生物被膜中PAO1菌株ku基因的表达水平。【结果】各突变株生物被膜形成能力无显著差异;与野生菌株相比,突变株Δku在生物被膜中的基因突变率以及对环丙沙星和庆大霉素的最低抑菌浓度(minimum inhibitory concentration,MIC)下降。荧光定量PCR结果表明,ku基因在生物被膜形成早期转录水平有明显上调。【结论】非同源末端连接修复途径对生物被膜中的铜绿假单胞菌基因突变率以及耐药性的提高有一定的作用。本研究将为后续进一步阐释铜绿假单胞菌耐药产生机制提供一定的理论依据。     

模拟淹水对池杉和栓皮栎光合生理生态过程的影响

池杉（Taxodium ascendens）和栓皮栎（Quercus variabilis）是我国亚热带河岸带和库塘消落区常见的植物,对于河岸带和库塘消落区的水土保持和水源涵养具有十分重要的作用。研究通过测定二者的最大净光合速率、光饱和曲线、二氧化碳饱和曲线、根／茎／叶的可溶性糖含量、叶片的比叶重（Ieaf mass per unit area,LMA）和根系活力等指标研究了模拟淹水（50d）对两年生栓皮栎和池杉树苗生理生态过程的影响。在淹水过程中,栓皮栎的最大净光合速率不断下降,到试验结束时淹水处理的最大净光合速率降低为对照的9％,而且处理与对照差异极显著;而在整个淹水过程中池杉则在处理和对照间没有显著差异。淹水胁迫下：（1）淹水导致栓皮栎表观量子效率（φ）不断下降,淹水第6天降为对照的59．9％左右（P〈0．001）,第26天降为对照的40．9％左右（P〈0．001）,而26d的淹水对池杉的光饱和曲线却影响不大;（2）淹水导致栓皮栎羧化效率（CE）的不断下降,在正常生长条件下栓皮栎的CE为（0．331±0．075）μmolm^-2s^-1Pa^-1。淹水第10天栓皮栎的CE下降到对照的22．1％,淹水第30天降到对照的16．8％,且差异均显著（P〈0．001）。淹水对池杉的二氧化碳饱和曲线没有造成显著影响;（3）淹水导致两个种的根／茎／叶可溶性糖含量呈现动态变化。50d的淹水导致栓皮栎叶片可溶性糖含量相比于对照略有上升,茎和根可溶性糖含量显著上升。而池杉根／茎／叶可溶性糖含量对照和处理之间差异不显著;（4）淹水导致栓皮栎的比叶重持续升高,池杉的与对照没有显著差异;（5）淹水导致栓皮栎的根系活力持续下降,池杉则开始时下降后又升高,这可能与池杉在淹水过程中产生了有利于吸收氧气的不定根,而栓皮栎没有产生不定根有关。以上实验结果说明相对池杉,栓皮栎应属于对淹水较敏感的树种。短期淹水（1～10d）导致栓皮栎光合速率下降的生理生态原因应该至少包括表观量子效率和羧化效率下降两个原因。而长期淹水条件下,叶片碳水化合物的积累（LMA升高）导致的负反馈效应也可能是光合速率下降的原因之一。     

HIV-1 variants with a single-point mutation in the gp41 pocket region exhibiting different susceptibility to HIV fusion inhibitors with pocket- or membrane-binding domain

Enfuvirtide (T20), the first FDA-approved peptide HIV fusion/entry inhibitor derived from the HIV-1 gp41 C-terminal heptad-repeat (CHR) domain, is believed to share a target with C34, another well-characterized CHR-peptide, by interacting with the gp41 N-terminal heptad-repeat (NHR) to form six-helix bundle core. However, our previous studies showed that T20 mainly interacts with the N-terminal region of the NHR (N-NHR) and lipid membranes, while C34 mainly binds to the NHR C-terminal pocket region. But so far, no one has shown that C34 can induce drug-resistance mutation in the gp41 pocket region. In this study, we constructed pseudoviruses in which the Ala at the position of 67 in the gp41 pocket region was substituted with Asp, Gly or Ser, respectively, and found that these mutations rendered the viruses highly resistant to C34, but sensitive to T20. The NHR-peptide N36 with mutations of A67 exhibited reduced anti-HIV-1 activity and decreased α-helicity. The stability of six-helix bundle formed by C34 and N36 with A67 mutations was significantly lower than that formed by C34 and N36 with wild-type sequence. The combination of C34 and T20 resulted in potent synergistic anti-HIV-1 effect against the viruses with mutations in either N- or C-terminal region in NHR. These results suggest that C34 with a pocket-binding domain and T20 containing the N-NHR- and membrane-binding domains inhibit HIV-1 fusion by interacting with different target sites and the combinatorial use of C34 and T20 is expected to be effective against HIV-1 variants resistant to HIV fusion inhibitors.     

不同酸中和对垃圾渗滤液厌氧生物处理的影响

不同时间垃圾填埋场渗滤液用石灰絮凝、吹脱后分别经磷酸、盐酸、硫酸调pH到7,在35℃条件下进行厌氧处理。试验表明,经磷酸或盐酸中和的早期垃圾渗滤液易于厌氧生物处理,38d后其COD、BOD5、VFA（挥发性脂肪酸）都有大幅度的降低。盐酸中和的早期垃圾渗滤液其厌氧产甲烷性能良好;但磷酸中和的其产甲烷性能被完全抑制。硫酸中和的早期垃圾渗滤液在反应过程中产生大量的硫化物,最高浓度达到1.241mg／L,对厌氧处理产生了严重的抑制,但是在第38d硫化物浓度达到最高后抑制作用慢慢减弱,其COD、BOD5、VFA开始迅速下降。晚期垃圾渗滤液经磷酸、盐酸、硫酸中和后经过54d的反应,其COD、BOD5、VFA均没有明显降低。