Effective Cerebral Connectivity during Silent Speech Reading Revealed by Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Seeing the articulatory gestures of the speaker (“speech reading”) enhances speech perception especially in noisy conditions. Recent neuroimaging studies tentatively suggest that speech reading activates speech motor system, which then influences superior-posterior temporal lobe auditory areas via an efference copy. Here, nineteen healthy volunteers were presented with silent videoclips of a person articulating Finnish vowels /a/, /i/ (non-targets), and /o/ (targets) during event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Speech reading significantly activated visual cortex, posterior fusiform gyrus (pFG), posterior superior temporal gyrus and sulcus (pSTG/S), and the speech motor areas, including premotor cortex, parts of the inferior (IFG) and middle (MFG) frontal gyri extending into frontal polar (FP) structures, somatosensory areas, and supramarginal gyrus (SMG). Structural equation modelling (SEM) of these data suggested that information flows first from extrastriate visual cortex to pFS, and from there, in parallel, to pSTG/S and MFG/FP. From pSTG/S information flow continues to IFG or SMG and eventually somatosensory areas. Feedback connectivity was estimated to run from MFG/FP to IFG, and pSTG/S. The direct functional connection from pFG to MFG/FP and feedback connection from MFG/FP to pSTG/S and IFG support the hypothesis of prefrontal speech motor areas influencing auditory speech processing in pSTG/S via an efference copy.     

亚洲柑橘木虱与柑橘黄龙病菌互作的研究进展

亚洲柑橘木虱Diaphorina citri Kuwayama作为柑橘产业重要病害柑橘黄龙病的主要传播媒介,已经成为重点防治对象。该害虫与黄龙病之间的互作一直是相关研究的热点,本文就近年来该领域的研究进展做了一个总结,从亚洲柑橘木虱的获菌与传病机制、病原菌与柑橘木虱之间的互作以及病原菌感染寄主植物后对木虱的影响等方面进行了综述。期望为深入开展黄龙病相关研究、寻找防控新途径提供依据。     

Effects of hydraulic loading rate on pollutants removal by a deep subsurface wastewater infiltration system

The subsurface wastewater infiltration (SWI) system proved to be an effective and low-cost technique for decentralized sewage treatment in areas without adequate domestic treatment facilities. Field-scale experiments were conducted through a deep SWI system, with effective depth of 1.5 m, under hydraulic loading rates of 0.040, 0.065, 0.081 and 0.10 m³/m² d. Taking the hydraulic and treatment efficiencies into consideration, the hydraulic loading rate of 0.081 m³/m² d was recommended. Under this condition, NH₃-N, TN, and COD removal efficiencies were 86.2 ± 3.0, 80.7 ± 1.9 and 84.8 ± 2.1%, respectively. In the effluent, NH₃-N concentration declined to 2.3-4.4 mg/L, accounting for 63.2-65.6% of TN. NO₃-N concentration increased from 0.2 to 0.3 mg/L in the influent to 2.0-2.5 mg/L in the effluent. The nitrifying bacteria number declined with increased depth, while the amount of denitrifying bacteria increased. The analysis of results about the nitrifying and denitrifying bacteria distribution indicated that the most effective ranges for nitrification and denitrification process were 0.3-0.7 m and 0.7-1.5 m, respectively.     

单色蝴蝶草的组织培养和快速繁殖

1植物名称单色蝴蝶草(Torenia concolor Lindl.)。2材料类别叶片。3培养条件丛生芽诱导培养基:(1)MS 6-BA 2.0 mg·L~(-1)(单位下同);(2)MS 6-BA 2.0 NAA 0.2;(3)MS 6-BA 2.0 NAA 0.5。生根培养基:(4) 1/2MS;(5)1/2MS NAA 0.2;(6)1/2MS NAA     

洛伐他汀在巴马香猪体内的绝对生物利用度

目的选择HMG-CoA还原酶抑制剂洛伐他汀作为模型药物,在巴马香猪体内进行生物利用度及药代动力学研究,探讨巴马香猪对洛伐他汀的处置规律。方法12头6~8月龄健康雄性巴马香猪随机分为灌胃组、静脉组和空白对照组,其中灌胃组和静脉组通过胃管和耳静脉分别给与洛伐他汀8、1.2 mg/kg。给药后前腔静脉采血,用RP-HPLC-UV法检测血浆洛伐他汀浓度;用3P97计算药代动力学参数,用统计矩法计算血药浓度-时间曲线下面积(AUC0-∝)。结果灌胃组t1/2和Ke分别为3.43 h和0.20 h;静脉组C0、Ke、Vdt、1/2和CL分别为180.27 ng/mL、0.17h、6.7L/kg3、.97 h和66.97 mL/min。统计矩法计算得到灌胃组和静脉组的AUC0-∝分别为每小时409.41,1627.78ng/mL,绝对生物利用度F为3.8%。结论洛伐他汀在巴马香猪体内的绝对生物利用度人和犬基本一致,提示巴马香猪与人和犬对药物的处置具有一定的相似性。     

洛伐他汀在巴马香猪体内的长期毒性试验

为研究洛伐他汀在巴马香猪体内为期42 d的长期毒性特点,以抗动脉粥样硬化药物洛伐他汀为模型药,选择健康6月龄雄性巴马香猪为实验对象,经灌胃途径给药(12 mg.kg-1和135 mg.kg-1),观察给药后的临床表现、血液学、血生化、脏器系数和组织病理学等指标进行药物毒性的评价。结果主要毒性反应在135 mg.kg-1组,给药后巴马香猪出现了竖毛、腹泻等症状,总采食量和体重减轻;血液血检查显示白细胞总数有所增加,红细胞总数、血红蛋白含量和血小板计数明显下降;血液生化检查显示ALT、AST、ALP和CK升高2~10倍,肌酐和尿素有所升高。同时,组织病理学分析结果显示,巴马香猪出现了与人相似的肝肾病理改变。可见洛伐他汀给药后,巴马香猪在高剂量组可大部分呈现洛伐他汀在人临床出现的毒理反应,表明巴马香猪能敏感的反映洛伐他汀的潜在毒性。     

肠道菌群与病毒性肺炎关系的研究进展

在21世纪头20年里,呼吸道病毒造成的地区性乃至世界性的流行已经发生多次,而疫情的暴发严重威胁人类健康与生存,但临床上,仍缺乏针对病毒的特异性治疗手段。随着肠道微生态相关研究的广泛开展,肠道菌群在哮喘,纤维化及细菌性感染等多种肺部疾病的发病及防治中发挥着重要作用,成为"肠-肺轴"的关键枢纽。病毒性肺炎与肠道微生态间也存在着紧密的相互联系,通过改善肠道菌群,对呼吸病毒感染具有较好的防治作用。其内在机制主要涉及到:通过增强肠道黏膜屏障功能、减少继发性细菌的感染;通过菌体成分或者代谢产物如短链脂肪酸,色氨酸代谢产物等提高固有样淋巴细胞(Innate lymphoid cells,ILC)、单核-巨噬细胞、树突状细胞、自然杀伤细胞(Natural killer,NK)、粒细胞等固有免疫细胞的抗病毒免疫功能及调节Th17/Treg平衡抑制过度的炎症反应等。本文将系统回顾已发表的文章,对肠道菌群在病毒性肺炎方面的研究作系统的阐述,以求为研究者在病毒性肺炎的机制探究和防治方面提供帮助。     

依达拉奉联合红花黄色素对急性脑梗死患者神经功能、血脂水平及血液流变学的影响

目的:探讨依达拉奉联合红花黄色素对急性脑梗死(ACI)患者神经功能、血脂水平及血液流变学的影响。方法:选取2017年1月到2018年8月期间我院收治的ACI患者70例,采用数字表法将患者随机分为对照组(n=34)和研究组(n=36),对照组在常规治疗的基础上给予红花黄色素治疗,研究组在对照组基础上联合依达拉奉治疗,两组均治疗14d,比较两组治疗后的临床疗效,比较两组治疗前后的神经功能[美国国立卫生院卒中量表(NIHSS)评分、神经元特异性烯醇化酶(NSE)和S-100β水平]、血脂指标[甘油三酯(TG)、总胆固醇(TC)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)和高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)]及血液流变学(全血黏度低切、全血黏度中切、全血黏度高切、血浆黏度)情况,记录两组治疗期间发生的不良反应。结果:研究组治疗14 d后临床总有效率为91.67%(33/36),高于对照组患者的73.53%(25/34)(P0.05)。两组患者治疗14 d后NIHSS评分、NSE和S-100β水平较治疗前降低,且研究组低于对照组(P0.05)。两组患者治疗14 d后TG、TC、LDL-C均较治疗前降低,且研究组低于对照组(P0.05),HDL-C则较治疗前升高,且研究组高于对照组(P0.05)。两组患者治疗14 d后全血黏度低切、全血黏度中切、全血黏度高切、血浆黏度均较治疗前降低,且研究组低于对照组(P0.05)。两组不良反应发生率比较无差异(P0.05)。结论:依达拉奉联合红花黄色素治疗ACI患者安全有效,可显著改善患者神经功能、血脂水平及血液流变学情况,临床应用价值较高。     

Surface exposure of the HIV-1 env cytoplasmic tail LLP2 domain during the membrane fusion process: interaction with gp41 fusion core

HIV-1 gp41 cytoplasmic tail (CT) is highly conserved among HIV-1 isolates, particularly the region designated lentivirus lytic peptide (LLP1-2), which includes two alpha-helical domains LLP1 and LLP2. Although the gp41 CT is recognized as a modulator of viral fusogenicity, little is known about the regulatory mechanism of this region in the viral fusion process. Here we report that anti-LLP1-2 and anti-LLP2 antibodies (IgG) inhibited HIV-1 Env-mediated cell fusion and bound to the interface between effector and target cells at a suboptimal temperature (31.5 degrees C), which slows down the fusion process and prolongs the fusion intermediate state. This suggests that LLP1-2, especially the LLP2 region located inside the viral membrane, is transiently exposed on the membrane surface during the fusion process. Synthetic LLP2 peptide could bind to the gp41 six-helix bundle core with high binding affinity. These results suggest that the gp41 CT may interact with the gp41 core, via the surface-exposed LLP2 domain, to regulate Env-mediated membrane fusion.