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91.
Cytokines as Adjuvants for the Induction of Anti-Human Immunodeficiency Virus Peptide Immunoglobulin G (IgG) and IgA Antibodies in Serum and Mucosal Secretions after Nasal Immunization 总被引:8,自引:0,他引:8
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Curtis P. Bradney Gregory D. Sempowski Hua-Xin Liao Barton F. Haynes Herman F. Staats 《Journal of virology》2002,76(2):517-524
Safe and potent new adjuvants are needed for vaccines that are administered to mucosal surfaces. This study was performed to determine if interleukin-1alpha (IL-1alpha) combined with other proinflammatory cytokines provided mucosal adjuvant activity for induction of systemic and mucosal anti-human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) peptide antibody when intranasally administered with an HIV peptide immunogen. Nasal immunization of BALB/c mice with 10 microg of an HIV env peptide immunogen with IL-1alpha, IL-12, and IL-18 on days 0, 7, 14, and 28 induced peak serum anti-HIV peptide immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1) and IgA titers of 1:131,072 and 1:7,131, respectively (P = 0.05 versus no adjuvant). The use of cholera toxin (CT) as a mucosal adjuvant induced serum IgG1 and IgA titers of 1:32,768 and 1:776, respectively. The adjuvant combination of IL-1alpha, IL-12, and IL-18 induced anti-HIV peptide IgA titers of 1:1,176, 1:7,131, and 1:4,705 in saliva, fecal extracts and vaginal lavage, respectively. Titers induced by the use of CT as an adjuvant were 1:223, 1:1,176, and 1:675, respectively. These results indicate that the proinflammatory cytokines IL-1alpha, IL-12, and IL-18 can replace CT as a mucosal adjuvant for antibody induction and are important candidates for use as mucosal adjuvants with HIV and other vaccines. 相似文献
92.
Assessment of Genotypic Diversity of Antibiotic-Producing Pseudomonas Species in the Rhizosphere by Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
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The genotypic diversity of antibiotic-producing Pseudomonas spp. provides an enormous resource for identifying strains that are highly rhizosphere competent and superior for biological control of plant diseases. In this study, a simple and rapid method was developed to determine the presence and genotypic diversity of 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol (DAPG)-producing Pseudomonas strains in rhizosphere samples. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) of 350-bp fragments of phlD, a key gene involved in DAPG biosynthesis, allowed discrimination between genotypically different phlD+ reference strains and indigenous isolates. DGGE analysis of the phlD fragments provided a level of discrimination between phlD+ genotypes that was higher than the level obtained by currently used techniques and enabled detection of specific phlD+ genotypes directly in rhizosphere samples with a detection limit of approximately 5 × 103 CFU/g of root. DGGE also allowed simultaneous detection of multiple phlD+ genotypes present in mixtures in rhizosphere samples. DGGE analysis of 184 indigenous phlD+ isolates obtained from the rhizospheres of wheat, sugar beet, and potato plants resulted in the identification of seven phlD+ genotypes, five of which were not described previously based on sequence and phylogenetic analyses. Subsequent bioassays demonstrated that eight genotypically different phlD+ genotypes differed substantially in the ability to colonize the rhizosphere of sugar beet seedlings. Collectively, these results demonstrated that DGGE analysis of the phlD gene allows identification of new genotypic groups of specific antibiotic-producing Pseudomonas with different abilities to colonize the rhizosphere of sugar beet seedlings. 相似文献
93.
Thompson JM Nicholson MG Whitmore AC Zamora M West A Iwasaki A Staats HF Johnston RE 《Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950)》2008,181(1):574-585
The strongest mucosal immune responses are induced following mucosal Ag delivery and processing in the mucosal lymphoid tissues, and much is known regarding the immunological parameters which regulate immune induction via this pathway. Recently, experimental systems have been identified in which mucosal immune responses are induced following nonmucosal Ag delivery. One such system, footpad delivery of Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus replicon particles (VRP), led to the local production of IgA Abs directed against both expressed and codelivered Ags at multiple mucosal surfaces in mice. In contrast to the mucosal delivery pathway, little is known regarding the lymphoid structures and immunological components that are responsible for mucosal immune induction following nonmucosal delivery. In this study, we have used footpad delivery of VRP to probe the constituents of this alternative pathway for mucosal immune induction. Following nonmucosal VRP delivery, J chain-containing, polymeric IgA Abs were detected in the peripheral draining lymph node (DLN), at a time before IgA detection at mucosal surfaces. Further analysis of the VRP DLN revealed up-regulated alpha4beta7 integrin expression on DLN B cells, expression of mucosal addressin cell adhesion molecule 1 on the DLN high endothelia venules, and production of IL-6 and CC chemokines, all characteristics of mucosal lymphoid tissues. Taken together, these results implicate the peripheral DLN as an integral component of an alternative pathway for mucosal immune induction. A further understanding of the critical immunological and viral components of this pathway may significantly improve both our knowledge of viral-induced immunity and the efficacy of viral-based vaccines. 相似文献
94.
Bergsma-Vlami M Prins ME Staats M Raaijmakers JM 《Applied and environmental microbiology》2005,71(2):993-1003
The genotypic diversity of antibiotic-producing Pseudomonas spp. provides an enormous resource for identifying strains that are highly rhizosphere competent and superior for biological control of plant diseases. In this study, a simple and rapid method was developed to determine the presence and genotypic diversity of 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol (DAPG)-producing Pseudomonas strains in rhizosphere samples. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) of 350-bp fragments of phlD, a key gene involved in DAPG biosynthesis, allowed discrimination between genotypically different phlD(+) reference strains and indigenous isolates. DGGE analysis of the phlD fragments provided a level of discrimination between phlD(+) genotypes that was higher than the level obtained by currently used techniques and enabled detection of specific phlD(+) genotypes directly in rhizosphere samples with a detection limit of approximately 5 x 10(3) CFU/g of root. DGGE also allowed simultaneous detection of multiple phlD(+) genotypes present in mixtures in rhizosphere samples. DGGE analysis of 184 indigenous phlD(+) isolates obtained from the rhizospheres of wheat, sugar beet, and potato plants resulted in the identification of seven phlD(+) genotypes, five of which were not described previously based on sequence and phylogenetic analyses. Subsequent bioassays demonstrated that eight genotypically different phlD(+) genotypes differed substantially in the ability to colonize the rhizosphere of sugar beet seedlings. Collectively, these results demonstrated that DGGE analysis of the phlD gene allows identification of new genotypic groups of specific antibiotic-producing Pseudomonas with different abilities to colonize the rhizosphere of sugar beet seedlings. 相似文献
95.
Nasal peptide vaccination elicits CD8 responses and reduces viral burden after challenge with virulent murine cytomegalovirus 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Gopal IN Quinn A Henry SC Hamilton JD Staats HF Frothingham R 《Microbiology and immunology》2005,49(2):113-119
Infection of BALB/c mice with murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) leads to CD8 cell responses to an immunodominant epitope YPHFMPTNL. We presented this epitope as a nasal peptide vaccine in combination with cholera toxin adjuvant, and evaluated immune responses and protection from MCMV challenge. Vaccination of naïve mice generated elevated numbers of peptide‐specific interferon‐7‐secreting splenocytes (median 80/million, range 60 to 490), compared to control mice (median 2/million, range —4.5 to 8; P=0.008, Mann‐Whitney test). Twelve days after challenge with virulent MCMV, vaccinated mice had a 1.1 log10 reduction in salivary gland viral titer compared to unvaccinated controls (5.36±0.24 vs. 6.42±0.12, mean±SD log10 plaque‐forming‐units; P<0.001, t‐test). Mice with chronic MCMV infection had consistent responses to the peptide (183±24/million interferon‐γ‐secreting splenocytes). Nasal peptide vaccination during chronic infection boosted peptide‐specific responses in two of four mice to >900/million interferon‐γ‐secreting splenocytes. Nasal peptide vaccination was immunogenic in naïve and MCMV‐infected mice, and reduced viral burden in naïve mice after virulent MCMV challenge. The nasal route may be useful for peptide presentation by novel human vaccines. 相似文献
96.
Molecular phylogeny of the plant pathogenic genus Botrytis and the evolution of host specificity 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The cosmopolitan genus Botrytis contains 22 recognized species and one hybrid. The current classification is largely based on morphological characters and, to a minor extent, on physiology and host range. In this study, a classification of the genus was constructed based on DNA sequence data of three nuclear protein-coding genes (RPB2, G3PDH, and HSP60) and compared with the traditional classification. Sexual reproduction and the host range, important fitness traits, were traced in the tree and used for the identification of major evolutionary events during speciation. The phylogenetic analysis corroborated the classical species delineation. In addition, the hybrid status of B. allii (B. byssoidea x B. aclada) was confirmed. Both individual gene trees and combined trees show that the genus Botrytis can be divided into two clades, radiating after the separation of Botrytis from other Sclerotiniaceae genera. Clade 1 contains four species that all colonize exclusively eudicot hosts, whereas clade 2 contains 18 species that are pathogenic on either eudicot (3) or monocot (15) hosts. A comparison of Botrytis and angiosperm phylogenies shows that cospeciation of pathogens and their hosts have not occurred during their respective evolution. Rather, we propose that host shifts have occurred during Botrytis speciation, possibly by the acquisition of novel pathogenicity factors. Loss of sexual reproduction has occurred at least three times and is supposed to be a consequence of negative selection. 相似文献
97.
Zn(2+) modulation of neuronal transient K(+) current: fast and selective binding to the deactivated channels 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
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Modulation of voltage-dependent transient K(+) currents (A type K(+) or K(A) current) by Zn(2+) was studied in rat hippocampal neurons by the whole-cell patch-clamp technique. It is found that Zn(2+) selectively binds to the resting (deactivated or closed) K(A) channels with a dissociation constant (K(d)) of approximately 3 &mgr;M, whereas the affinity between Zn(2+) and the inactivated K(A) channels is 1000-fold lower. Zn(2+) therefore produces a concentration-dependent shift of the K(A) channel inactivation curve and enhances the K(A) current elicited from relatively positive holding potentials. It is also found that the kinetics of Zn(2+) action are fast enough to compete with the transition rates between different gating states of the channel. The rapid and selective binding of Zn(2+) to the closed K(A) channels keeps the channel in the closed state and explains the ion's concentration-dependent slowing effect on the activation of K(A) current. This in turn accounts for the inhibitory effect of Zn(2+) on the K(A) current elicited from hyperpolarized holding potentials. Because the molecular mechanisms underlying these gating changes are kinetic interactions between the binding-unbinding of Zn(2+) and the intrinsic gating processes of the channel, the shift of the inactivation curve and slowing of K(A) channel activation are quantitatively correlated with ambient Zn(2+) over a wide concentration range without "saturation"; i.e., The effects are already manifest in micromolar Zn(2+), yet are not saturated even in millimolar Zn(2+). Because the physiological concentration of Zn(2+) could vary over a similarly wide range according to neural activities, Zn(2+) may be a faithful physiological "fine tuner," controlling and controlled by neural activities through its effect on the K(A) current. 相似文献
98.
99.
Martin Beyerbach Peter H. Becker Annegret Büthe Eckhard Denker Walter A. Heidmann und Gesa Staats de Yanés 《Journal of Ornithology》1993,134(3):325-334
Zusammenfassung Bei Flußseeschwalbe und Austernfischer wurde der Einfluß von Standort und Jahr auf die Zusammensetzung der PCB-Gemische im Ei untersucht. Die Gesamtkonzentration, der Metabolisierungsgrad und die Ringstabilitätszahlen des Gemisches von 45 bestimmten PCB-Kongeneren wurden erfaßt. In den Mündungsbereichen von Elbe, Weser und in der Inneren Deutschen Bucht traten nicht nur die höchsten PCB-Konzentrationen auf, sondern auch die am weitesten metabolisierten Gemische. 1987–1989 zeigte sich im Metabolisierungsgrad bei beiden Vogelarten ein linearer Anstieg. Flußseeschwalbeneier enthielten zwar deutlich höhere PCB-Konzentrationen als Austernfischereier, doch war das Gemisch geringer metabolisiert. Deutliche Artunterschiede traten auch in den Ringstabilitätszahlen auf. Zur Beurteilung der PCB-Belastung sollte deshalb in einem Monitoring-Programm der Metabolisationsgrad auch mitberücksichtigt werden.
Variation of PCB mixtures in eggs of birds of the Wadden Sea
Summary The influence of location and year on the composition of PCB mixtures found in eggs was examined in the two wadden sea bird species Common Tern (Sterna hirundo) and Oystercatcher (Haematopus ostralegus). By means of 45 PCB congeners the total concentration, the degree of metabolism and the ring stability values were analysed. The highest PCB concentrations as well as the highest degree of metabolism were found in the estuaries of the rivers Elbe and Weser and in the Deutsche Bucht. The degree of metabolism of both species increased linearly from 1987 to 1989. The total PCB concentration in the eggs of Common Terns were clearly higher than those found in the eggs of Oystercatchers but the mixture was less metabolised. Furthermore, there are significant differences of the ring stability values between the two species. To assess the PCB incrimination the degree of metabolism should be considered as well in a monitoring program.相似文献
100.
BD Pascal MJ Chalmers SA Busby CC Mader MR Southern NF Tsinoremas PR Griffin 《BMC bioinformatics》2007,8(1):156