Effect of different disintegration techniques and media on yield and appearance of isolated nuclei

Cell nuclei have been released from various plant tissues (barley leaves, roots and embryos, tobacco leaves and tissue cultures,Vicia faba roots,Arabidopsis thaliana leaves) by several homogenization methods and the optimal method was established for each tissue. The effect of the composition of isolation medium on the yield and appearance of isolated nuclei was also studied. Longer incubation withn-octanol increases the yield considerably in most cases. Low concentrations of osmoticum increase the yield and their adverse effect on the integrity of nuclei is of little significance. Gum arabic has a favourable effect on nuclei isolation from roots only.     

Brief Bursts Self-Inhibit and Correlate the Pyramidal Network

Inhibitory pathways are an essential component in the function of the neocortical microcircuitry. Despite the relatively small fraction of inhibitory neurons in the neocortex, these neurons are strongly activated due to their high connectivity rate and the intricate manner in which they interconnect with pyramidal cells (PCs). One prominent pathway is the frequency-dependent disynaptic inhibition (FDDI) formed between layer 5 PCs and mediated by Martinotti cells (MCs). Here, we show that simultaneous short bursts in four PCs are sufficient to exert FDDI in all neighboring PCs within the dimensions of a cortical column. This powerful inhibition is mediated by few interneurons, leading to strongly correlated membrane fluctuations and synchronous spiking between PCs simultaneously receiving FDDI. Somatic integration of such inhibition is independent and electrically isolated from monosynaptic excitation formed between the same PCs. FDDI is strongly shaped by I(h) in PC dendrites, which determines the effective integration time window for inhibitory and excitatory inputs. We propose a key disynaptic mechanism by which brief bursts generated by a few PCs can synchronize the activity in the pyramidal network.     

Rethinking trophic niches: Speed and body mass colimit prey space of mammalian predators

1. Realized trophic niches of predators are often characterized along a one‐dimensional range in predator–prey body mass ratios. This prey range is constrained by an “energy limit” and a “subdue limit” toward small and large prey, respectively. Besides these body mass ratios, maximum speed is an additional key component in most predator–prey interactions.
2. Here, we extend the concept of a one‐dimensional prey range to a two‐dimensional prey space by incorporating a hump‐shaped speed‐body mass relation. This new “speed limit” additionally constrains trophic niches of predators toward fast prey.
3. To test this concept of two‐dimensional prey spaces for different hunting strategies (pursuit, group, and ambush predation), we synthesized data on 63 terrestrial mammalian predator–prey interactions, their body masses, and maximum speeds.
4. We found that pursuit predators hunt smaller and slower prey, whereas group hunters focus on larger but mostly slower prey and ambushers are more flexible. Group hunters and ambushers have evolved different strategies to occupy a similar trophic niche that avoids competition with pursuit predators. Moreover, our concept suggests energetic optima of these hunting strategies along a body mass axis and thereby provides mechanistic explanations for why there are no small group hunters (referred to as “micro‐lions”) or mega‐carnivores (referred to as “mega‐cheetahs”).
5. Our results demonstrate that advancing the concept of prey ranges to prey spaces by adding the new dimension of speed will foster a new and mechanistic understanding of predator trophic niches and improve our predictions of predator–prey interactions, food web structure, and ecosystem functions.

     

Monooxygenase activity of human hemoglobin: role of quaternary structure in the preponderant activity of the beta subunits within the tetramer

Catalysis of para hydroxylation of aniline was measured for human ferrihemoglobin and various derivatives in a reconstituted system consisting of the appropriate hemoprotein (at 4 microM heme), reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH), cytochrome P-450 reductase, and aniline under atmospheric O2. The isolated subunits of hemoglobin (alpha 3+ and beta 3+4) were prepared by treatment with p-(hydroxymercuri)benzoate. Semihemoglobin (alpha heme2 beta 02) was prepared from ferrihemoglobin and apohemoglobin. Converse valency hybrids alpha 3+2(beta 2+-CO)2 and (alpha 2+-CO)2 beta 3+2 were prepared from appropriately ligated alpha and beta subunits. After chromatography, the hemoglobin derivatives were characterized by visible and 1H NMR spectroscopy and electrophoresis. At the same concentration of aniline, the alpha and beta subunits were much less active than the normal tetramer. alpha-Semihemoglobin and the alpha 3+2(beta 2+-CO)2 hybrid also displayed lower hydroxylase activity. The (alpha 2+-CO)2 beta 3+2 hybrid was about as active as normal alpha 3+2 beta 3+2. This result suggests that the activity of tetrameric hemoglobin primarily involves the beta subunits. Also transfer of the beta subunits from the beta 4 molecular environment to the alpha 2 beta 2 state enhances their monooxygenase activity approximately 15-fold. The hemoglobin derivatives were differently susceptible to substrate inhibition, the beta 4 species being most sensitive. Estimates of Vmax from the linear portions of the corresponding Lineweaver-Burk plots showed agreement within a factor of 2.5 for all of the hemoglobin derivatives, suggesting that the intrinsic O2-activating capacities of the derivatives are similar.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Phylogenetic study of the oxytocin-like immunoreactive system in invertebrates

1. A phylogenetic study of oxytocin (OXT)-like immunoreactive cells was performed by the PAP method in the central nervous system of invertebrates. 2. The immunoreactivity was detected in the nerve cells of Hydra magnipapillata of the Coelenterata; Neanthes japonica and Pheretima communissima of the Annelida; Oncidium verrucosum, Limax marginatus and Meretrix lamarckii of the Mollusca; and Baratha brassica of the Arthropoda. 3. No immunoreactive cells were found in Bipalium sp. of the Platyhelminthes; Pomacea canaliculata, Aplysia kurodai, Bradybaena similaris and Achatina fulica of the Mollusca; and Gnorimosphaeroma rayi, Procambarus clarkii, Hemigrapsus sanguineus, Helice tridens and Gryllus bimaculatus of the Arthropoda; Asterina pectinifera of the Echinodermata; and Halocynthia roretzi of the Protochordata. 4. These results demonstrate that an OXT-immunoreactive substance is widely present not only in vertebrates but also in invertebrates. 5. OXT seems to have been introduced into these invertebrates at an early stage of their phylogenetic history.