Trichinella spiralis: Comparison with an Arctic isolate

The muscle phase of Trichinella spiralis and of Trichinella sp. isolated in the Arctic was compared in experimental and wild animals. Reproductive capacity indices (RCI) of the Trichinella sp. isolate were significantly lower in laboratory rodents but were similar to T. spiralis in wild rodents. Sprague-Dawley rats were the most refractory to the Trichinella sp. isolate of all laboratory rodents. Outbred strains of mice were more susceptible to both T. spiralis and the Trichinella sp. isolate than inbred strains of mice. T. spiralis muscle larvae survived longer in mice and the survival of both T. spiralis and the Trichinella sp. isolate larvae was higher in female mice. While single pair interbreeding experiments showed reproductive isolation between T. spiralis and the Trichinella sp. isolate, multiple pair and transplant breeding experiments showed reproductive compatibility. Male and female infective larvae of T. spiralis and the Trichinella sp. isolate differed morphometrically, but a convergence in size of worms was observed after prolonged passages of the parasites in mice. Passaging history of the isolate and host species was found to have a significant effect on Trichinella morphology. It is proposed that the Trichinella sp. isolate is a physiological variant of T. spiralis and not a distinct species.     

Analysis of lymphocytes reactive to histocompatibility antigens. III. Detection of inclusion among allo-reactive lymphocyte populations by specific depletion of reactive cells.

We have used a quantitative titration assay for mixed lymphocyte interactions to determine the additivity of responses of rat lymphocyte populations to simultaneous stimulation with major histocompatibility complex alloantigens from pairs of apparently unrelated rat strains. Our inability to detect strict additive stimulation led us to investigate inclusion among allo-reactive lymphocyte populations. After specific depletion of reactivity to PVG by negative selection through an AO × PVG F₁ hybrid rat, AO thoracic duct lymphocytes showed an asymmetrical loss of reactivity to the unrelated strains DA and F344. We suggest that this differential loss of reactivity probably reflects alloantigen sharing among rat strains which had been previously undetected using other less sensitive techniques for the quantitation of lymphocyte reactivity after specific depletion of allo-reactive cells.     

The ubiquitin C‐terminal hydrolase UCH‐L1 promotes bacterial invasion by altering the dynamics of the actin cytoskeleton

Invasion of eukaryotic target cells by pathogenic bacteria requires extensive remodelling of the membrane and actin cytoskeleton. Here we show that the remodelling process is regulated by the ubiquitin C‐terminal hydrolase UCH‐L1 that promotes the invasion of epithelial cells by Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella enterica. Knockdown of UCH‐L1 reduced the uptake of both bacteria, while expression of the catalytically active enzyme promoted efficient internalization in the UCH‐L1‐negative HeLa cell line. The entry of L. monocytogenes involves binding to the receptor tyrosine kinase Met, which leads to receptor phosphorylation and ubiquitination. UCH‐L1 controls the early membrane‐associated events of this triggering cascade since knockdown was associated with altered phosphorylation of the c‐cbl docking site on Tyr1003, reduced ubiquitination of the receptor and altered activation of downstream ERK1/2‐ and AKT‐dependent signalling in response to the natural ligand Hepatocyte Growth Factor (HGF). The regulation of cytoskeleton dynamics was further confirmed by the induction of actin stress fibres in HeLa expressing the active enzyme but not the catalytic mutant UCH‐L1_C90S. These findings highlight a previously unrecognized involvement of the ubiquitin cycle in bacterial entry. UCH‐L1 is highly expressed in malignant cells that may therefore be particularly susceptible to invasion by bacteria‐based drug delivery systems.     

Intra- and inter-specific effects of mast seeding on seed fates of two sympatric <Emphasis Type="Italic">Corylus</Emphasis> species

We released seeds of two sympatric tree species, Corylus mandshurica (seed with thinner seed hull, higher nutrition) and C. heterophylla (seeds with thicker seed hull, lower nutrition) in the masting year of C. mandshurica in 2008, and C. heterophylla in 2009, respectively, to investigate how seed masting of the two sympatric Corylus species affects seed removal and dispersal fitness of the two species differently at both intra- and inter-specific levels. At intra-specific level, the authors found mast seeding of both C. mandshurica and C. heterophylla significantly reduced seed removal, seed consumption, but increased seed dispersal distance and seed dispersal fitness of the released seeds. Mast seeding of C. mandshurica increased seed caching of C. mandshurica. At inter-specific level, the authors found mast seeding of C. mandshurica reduced seed removal of C. heterophylla, but mast seeding of C. heterophylla did not significantly reduce seed removal of C. mandshurica. Mast seeding of C. mandshurica reduced seed consumption of C. heterophylla, while mast seeding of C. heterophylla reduced seed consumption of C. mandshurica. We found mast seeding of C. mandshurica significantly reduced seed dispersal distance of C. heterophylla, while mast seeding of C. heterophylla significantly increased seed dispersal distance of C. mandshurica. We found that mast seeding of C. mandshurica significantly increased seed dispersal fitness of C. heterophylla, while mast seeding of C. heterophylla did not significantly increase seed dispersal fitness of C. mandshurica. More studies are needed to reveal the ecological consequences of mast seeding at inter-specific or community-level. Seed traits may attribute the differences of mast seeding at inter-specific level. Because seeds with thinner seed hull and higher nutrition were more harvested and eaten by rodents, mast seeding of C. mandshurica might have reduced seed removal and seed consumption, but increased dispersal fitness of C. heterophylla (seeds with thicker seed hull, lower nutrition). Therefore, synchrony among species is, or is not, selectively beneficial to the focus species depends on seed traits which determine gains from mast seeding at inter-specific level.     

Immune relations between mother and foetus in the viviparous poeciliid fish Xiphophorus hellerii Haeckel

Advanced embryos of the viviparous poeciliid fish Xiphophorus hellerii (swordtail) were removed from the site of gestation within the ovary and re-implanted into the peritoneal cavities of unrelated immunologically competent adults of the same species. Most of those transplanted with intact fertilization membranes were normal in appearance, and many were clearly still alive. Those transplanted without a fertilization membrane were all dead, with lymphocyte infiltration and other evidence of rejection as allografts. The integrity of the membrane in late pregnancy was indicated by swelling of follicles in hypoosmotic liquid. It was concluded that the fertilization membrane is capable of protecting an antigenically foreign embryo in an immunologically hostile environment, and that it probably serves this function during normal pregnancy.