Synaptonemal complexes and meiosis in myxomycetes

Synaptonemal complexes (SC) have been observed in spores 18–24 hr past cleavage in natural fruitings of Physarum cinereum, P. bogoriense, Hemitrichia stipitata, Tubifera ferruginosa, and Arcyria incarnata. Laboratory fruitings of Arcyria cinerea, Stemonitis herbatica, and a homothallic isolate of Physarum pusillum also have SC's present in spores during the same postcleavage period. The presence of these paired chromosomes of meiotic prophase in spores of species collected in nature and in a diversity of taxa suggests that the usual position of meiosis in Myxomycetes is inside the postcleavage spore. Criteria are proposed for evaluating the validity of the SC as an indicator of meiosis.     

Evidence that free GPI glycolipids are essential for growth of Leishmania mexicana.

The cell surface of the parasitic protozoan Leishmania mexicana is coated by glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored glycoproteins, a GPI-anchored lipophosphoglycan and a class of free GPI glycolipids. To investigate whether the anchor or free GPIs are required for parasite growth we cloned the L.mexicana gene for dolichol-phosphate-mannose synthase (DPMS) and attempted to create DPMS knockout mutants by targeted gene deletion. DPMS catalyzes the formation of dolichol-phosphate mannose, the sugar donor for all mannose additions in the biosynthesis of both the anchor and free GPIs, except for a alpha1-3-linked mannose residue that is added exclusively to the free GPIs and lipophosphoglycan anchor precursors. The requirement for dolichol-phosphate-mannose in other glycosylation pathways in L.mexicana is minimal. Deletion of both alleles of the DPMS gene (lmdpms) consistently resulted in amplification of the lmdpms chromosomal locus unless the promastigotes were first transfected with an episomal copy of lmdpms, indicating that lmdpms, and possibly GPI biosynthesis, is essential for parasite growth. As evidence presented in this and previous studies indicates that neither GPI-anchored glycoproteins nor lipophosphoglycan are required for growth of cultured parasites, it is possible that the abundant and functionally uncharacterized free GPIs are essential membrane components.     

Typification of Linnaean taxa of annual Poaceae: Poeae related to Vulpia and Desmazeria

STACE, C. A. & JARVIS, C. E., 1985. TypiHcation of Linnaean taxa of annual Poaceae: Poeae related to Vulpia and Desmazeria. The status and typification of 15 Linnaean species of annual grasses related to Vulpia and Desmazeria are discussed. Of these 15, eight are represented by holotypes or lectotypes in LINN, two by lectotypes in Herb. A. van Royen (L), and one by a neotype in LINN. One (Festuca marina) is based on a pre-Linnaean polynomial and is represented by a lectotype in Herb. Sloane (BM); one (Cynosurus durus) has no known type specimens and we have chosen a Barrelier (1714) illustration as lectotype; one (Nardus aristatus) is an illegitimate name change for Nardus incurvus Gouan, for which we have selected a Scheuchzer (1719) illustration as lectotype; and finally Festuca incrassala appeared on a cancelled page of Species Plantarum and has no nomenclatural standing.     

Effect of the lymphocytosis-stimulating factor from Bordetella pertussis on murine lymphoid and hemopoietic cells

Effect of B. pertussis lymphocytosis-promoting factor (LPF) on the lympho-hematopoietic system of mice was studied. The injection of LPF was shown to sharply enhance endogenous colony formation and to induce a severe depletion of thymus cells, reaching its maximum of day 4. Thymocytes obtained on day 2 or 3 after the injection of LPF produced a suppressive effect on endogenous colony formation. The proliferative activity of hematopoietic stem cells sharply increased under the influence of LPF, though it had no radioprotective action. On the following day after the injection of LPF a steep rise in the number of hematopoietic stem cells was observed in the blood of mice: their content increased 20-fold in comparison with the control level. These data may be important for the evaluation of the side effects of pertussis vaccine on the lympho-hematopoietic system.     

The cluster method in conducting epidemiological research

The Expanded Programme on Immunization (EPI) whose goal is to reduce morbidity and mortality by providing children with immunizations against diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus, poliomyelitis, measles, and tuberculosis continually faces the problem of documenting immunization coverage rates. Therefore the EPI seeks simple, effective, and inexpensive methods of evaluation which could be implemented in different countries. An example of such a method is a simplified cluster sampling technique of estimation of immunization coverage through the examination of 210 children, selected randomly as 30 groups of 7 children each. In 1978-1984 more than 1000 immunization coverage surveys were performed all over the world, mainly in developing countries. In a modified way this method is also used to collect data on morbidity and mortality of certain EPI target diseases as well as diarrhoeal diseases.