Effects of lung congestion and oleic acid injury on the Hering-Breuer reflex

Breathing and the Hering-Breuer (HB) reflex may be stimulated by congestion and by acute lung injury, but there is disagreement about the effects of both stimuli. This study evaluated these effects using greater stimulus isolation and control of secondary interactions than have previously been employed. Pressurization of lung vessels and left heart and oleic acid injury were individually imposed on anesthetized open-chest dogs perfused with an external pump and gas exchanger. Lungs were inflated in steps before and during those stimuli. The HB reflex was evaluated from graphs of breathing frequency (fr) vs. airway pressure. Congestion itself had no significant sustained effect on fr, but it slightly depressed the HB reflex. Oleic acid tachypnea that was depressed to pretreatment fr by inflation, implying enhancement of the HB response. Capsaicin and oleic acid had similar effects. Vagal cooling to 8 degrees C slightly depressed the effects of oleic acid and capsaicin, had no effect on the sustained fr response to congestion, and reversed the inhibitory effect of inflation. A stimulation of breathing or an enhancement of the HB reflex by congestion was not confirmed, but oleic acid increased fr and the HB reflex.     

Skeletal muscle creatine kinase MB alterations in women marathon runners

Total creatine kinase (CK) and CK MB activities were determined in gastrocnemius muscle and serum obtained from 14 female marathon runners. The level of CK MB in muscle increased significantly (p less than 0.05) after chronic exercise training from 5.3% to 10.5% of the total CK activity, but not after acute exercise (post-marathon 8.9%). No significant differences in total CK activities were detected. However, the total CK activity in the muscles were significantly (p less than 0.05) less than those previously reported from the muscle of men runners (1800 U/g, 3000 U/g respectively). No significant correlation existed between fiber type and muscle CK MB activity. Additionally, trace amounts of mitochondrial CK and CK BB were present in muscle homogenates. A significant correlation was observed in the increase in mean serum total CK (597 UL-1) and CK MB (23 UL-1) activities 24 h after the race (r = 0.97, p less than 0.05). These results suggest that gastrocnemius muscle in women adapts to training with increased CK MB activities and imply that skeletal muscle is the major source of elevated serum CK MB activities in women marathon runners.     

Statistical analysis of in situ hybridization data: derivation and use of the zmax test.

There are many situations in which grain distributions resulting from in situ hybridization of radioactively labeled probes to unique genes should be subjected to a statistical analysis. However, the problems posed by analysis of in situ hybridization data are not straightforward, and no completely satisfying method is currently available. We have developed a procedure in which the major and any number of minor site(s) of hybridization may be specifically located and the significance of each tested. This zmax procedure first tests the overall distribution for departure from randomness and then identifies significantly overlabeled whole chromosomes (or chromosome arms or other large segments), a process that may be repeated to pinpoint significantly overlabeled regions within these chromosomes. We describe in detail the derivation of the zmax statistic, present tables of significant zmax levels, and show with examples how zmax is used in tests of significance of in situ hybridization data.