近红外光谱技术在水果成熟期预测中的应用(综述)

近红外光谱技术以快速、准确和多组分同步分析等优势,近年来在水果果实发育、成熟期预测和品质检测等方面应用广泛,并在果实品质无损检测分析技术研究方面取得重要进展。本文综述近红外光谱技术的基本原理和特点,分析近红外光谱技术在果实成熟期预测中的研究现状和存在问题,并提出今后研究方向。     

Enhanced chemiluminescence enzyme‐linked immunoassay for the determination of DNA methyltransferase 1 in human serum

The occurrence of many diseases is closely related to the high expression of DNA methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1). However, most studies are focused on the detection of DNMT1 activity, a few are concerned with the detection of DNMT1 content. In this study, we developed a simple and highly sensitive chemiluminescence (CL) assay for the detection of DNMT1 content. In this method, anti‐DNMT1 monoclonal antibody was coated on a polystyrene microplate to capture DNMT1. Then anti‐DNMT1 polyclonal antibody and goat anti‐rabbit immunoglobulin G with horseradish peroxidase (IgG‐HRP) were respectively added to combine with captured DNMT1 to form a sandwich structure. Finally, the HRP could catalyze CL substrate and achieve CL signal response. Based on this novel sensitive strategy, the recovery percents were in the ranges from 71.5% to 91.0%. The precision of intra‐assays and inter‐assays were 5.45%–11.29% and 7.03%–11.25%, respectively. The method was successfully applied for the determination of DNMT1 in human serum. The detection results of serum samples showed that the proposed assay had a high correlation with enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit. Compared with the ELISA kit (limit of detection = 0.1 ng/mL), the method has a lower limit of detection of 0.042 ng/mL. Therefore, our method has the potential for the detection of DNMT1 content in clinical diagnosis.     

Research ethics training in Peru: a case study

With the rapidly increasing number of health care professionals seeking international research experience, comes an urgent need for enhanced capacity of host country institutional review boards (IRB) to review research proposals and ensure research activities are both ethical and relevant to the host country customs and needs. A successful combination of distance learning, interactive courses and expert course instructors has been applied in Peru since 2004 through collaborations between the U.S. Naval Medical Research Center Detachment, the University of Washington and the Department of Clinical Bioethics of the National Institutes of Health to provide training in ethical conduct of research to IRB members and researchers from Peru and other Latin American countries. All training activities were conducted under the auspices of the Peruvian National Institute of Health (INS), Ministry of Health. To date, 927 people from 12 different Latin American countries have participated in several of these training activities. In this article we describe our training model.     

对想定北京和广州发生输入性埃博拉疫情的计算实验研究

本次西非埃博拉疫情引起了世界范围内的高度重视,各国纷纷开展风险评估研究。我们采用仓室模型和基于Agent模型,对北京市和广州市想定发生输入性埃博拉疫情的后续疫情发展态势开展计算实验研究,对影响疫情发展的主要因素进行分析。结果显示,在严格执行埃博拉防控预案、尽快隔离传染性病例的情况下,埃博拉在两地暴发的风险很小。同时,以数据为驱动的计算流行病学也对公共卫生应急部门的基础数据准备工作提出了更高要求。     

东方鲎C因子的分段克隆及表达

东方鲎C因子 (factorCfromTachypleustridentatus)是鲎血细胞中的一种对内毒素敏感的丝氨酸蛋白酶原 ,它与内毒素特异结合的特性 ,使之具有很大的应用价值。根据报道的C因子序列 ,设计了两对引物 ,以中国福建沿海的东方鲎 (Tachypleustridentatus)为材料抽提其血细胞总RNA ,首次用RT PCR的方法分两段扩增了鲎血中编码C因子蛋白的基因全序列。序列分析表明 ,得到的FC基因与文献报道的来自日本的东方鲎的FC有很高的同源性。将分段克隆得到的两段FC片段经相应酶切后 ,与含T7启动子的质粒 pET 2 8a( )在一个体系中作连接反应 ,构建表达质粒pET2 8a FC ,转化大肠杆菌BL2 1(DE3) ,筛选表达菌株。表达菌株经 1mmol/LIPTG诱导表达 2 .5h后 ,收集菌体并超声破菌。经SDS PAGE分析表明 ,在 110kD左右处有明显的表达条带 ,大小与FC的计算分子量相吻合。但表达产物以包涵体形式存在。经洗涤与变复性后 ,重组FC在体外表现出明显的抑菌活性。同时蛋白质印迹实验也提示了在大肠杆菌中FC的单基因表达物可能发生部分自剪切反应 ,而形成了额外的免疫印迹条带     

Nitrogen fixation of lucerne (Medicago sativa) in an acid soil: The use of rhizotrons as a model system to simulate field conditions

The effect of pelleting seeds of lucerne with lime was studied in an acid sandy soil. In pot experiments, the fraction of seedlings with crown nodules, i.e. nodules on the upper 10 mm of the taproot, increased from 26% to 71%. In rhizotrons, the application of CaCO₃ resulted in an even stronger response.An agar-contact method was used to study pH changes in the rhizosphere during a period up to 12 days. Application of 1.0 µmol of CaCO₃, in drops of 12 µL volume, resulted in an initial soil pH of 6.1 and yielded 75% crown nodulation. In the absence of CaCO₃, roots induced a pH increase from 5.1 (day 0) to 5.7 (day 12). However, this did not increase nodulation (5%). Obviously, this type of alkalinization does not overcome the acid-sensitive step of the nodulation process.     

Nodulation of lucerne (Medicago sativa L.) in an acid soil: pH dynamics in the rhizosphere of seedlings growing in rhizotrons

A lime-pellet around seeds of lucerne significantly increased crown nodulation in an acid soil. To investigate whether neutralization or calcium were of importance when lime was supplied, experiments with plants were done either in pots or in rhizotrons. Crown nodulation was used to quantify the effect of these two parameters.For the neutralization of the soil, KOH (in pots) or K₂CO₃ (in rhizotrons) was added. The crown nodulation of pot-grown plants increased from 31% to 53%. In rhizotrons, the number of crown-nodulated seedlings increased from 9% to 53%. If calcium was supplied additionally (as CaCl₂ or CaSO₄), 63% crown nodulation was found in pots, and 68% in rhizotrons. These numbers are close to the crown nodulation with lime (CaCO₃) alone: 70% in pots and 71% in rhizotrons. In the soil studied, the beneficial effect of lime is largely due to neutralization (80%), and only a minor part (20%) is due to the input of calcium.Using rhizotrons, the dynamics of the pH in the rhizosphere of lime-treated and untreated seedlings was followed during a period of 12 days. It was found that, even in the absence of lime, the pH along the taproot increased from 5.1 to 5.7. However, this did not result in the formation of root nodules. Nodulation was obtained only by adding neutralizing chemicals, which increased the pH during the initial 3 days, the acid sensitive period of the process.     

Shift from facilitative to neutral interactions by the cushion plant Silene acaulis along a primary succession gradient

Background

The stress‐gradient hypothesis predicts a shift from facilitative to competitive plant interactions with decreasing abiotic stress. This has been supported by studies along elevation and temperature gradients, but also challenged by the hypothesis of a facilitation collapse at extremely harsh sites. Although facilitation is known to be important in primary succession, few studies have examined these hypotheses along primary succession gradients.

Aim

To examine whether there is a relationship between the presence of the circumpolar cushion plant Silene acaulis and other species, and if so, whether there is a shift between positive and negative interactions along a primary succession gradient in a glacier foreland.

Location

Finse, southern Norway.

Methods

We examined the performance of the common alpine forb Bistorta vivipara, species richness of vascular plants, bryophytes and lichens, and the number of seedlings and fertile vascular plants in S. acaulis cushions, and control plots without S. acaulis, along a succession gradient with increasing distance from a glacier front, and thus decreasing abiotic stress. To examine if S. acaulis cushions modify the abiotic environment, we recorded soil temperature, moisture, organic content and pH in cushions and control plots.

Results

Bistorta vivipara performed better, as shown by bigger leaves in S. acaulis cushions compared to control plots in the harshest part of the gradient close to the glacier. There were few differences in B. vivipara performance between cushion and control plots in the more benign environment further away from the glacier. This suggests a shift from facilitative to mainly neutral interactions by S. acaulis on the performance of B. vivipara with decreasing abiotic stress. A trend, although not significant, of higher vascular species richness and fertility inside S. acaulis cushions along the whole gradient, suggests that S. acaulis also facilitates community‐level species richness. The causal mechanism of this facilitation is likely that the cushions buffer extreme temperatures.

Conclusions

Our results support the stress‐gradient hypothesis for the relationship between the cushion plant S. acaulis and the performance of a single species along a primary succession gradient in a glacier foreland. S. acaulis also tended to increase vascular plant species richness and fertility regardless of stress level along the gradient, suggesting facilitation at the community level. We found no collapse of facilitation at the most stressful end of the gradient in this alpine glacier foreland.