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131.
Franke H 《Purinergic signalling》2011,7(1):1-5
Purinergic Signalling - 相似文献
132.
Xianmin Song Wei Guo Qiang Yu Xiaofeng Liu Zhenghua Xiang Cheng He Geoffrey Burnstock 《Purinergic signalling》2011,7(4):469-488
P2Y receptors are G protein-coupled receptors composed of eight known subunits (P2Y1, 2, 4, 6, 11, 12, 13, 14), which are involved in different functions in neural tissue. The present study investigates the expression pattern of P2Y4 receptors in the rat central nervous system (CNS) using immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization. The specificity of
the immunostaining has been verified by preabsorption, Western blot, and combined use of immunohistochemistry and in situ
hybridization. Neurons expressing P2Y4 receptors were distributed widely in the rat CNS. Heavy P2Y4 receptor immunostaining was observed in the magnocellular neuroendocrine neurons of the hypothalamus, red nucleus, pontine
nuclei, mesencephalic trigeminal nucleus, motor trigeminal nucleus, ambiguous nucleus, inferior olive, hypoglossal nucleus,
and dorsal motor vagus nucleus. Both neurons and astrocytes express P2Y4 receptors. P2Y4 receptor immunostaining signals were mainly confined to cell bodies and dendrites of neurons, suggesting that P2Y4 receptors are mainly involved in regulating postsynaptic events. In the hypothalamus, all the vasopressin (VP) and oxytocin
(OT) neurons and all the orexin A neurons were immunoreactive for P2Y4 receptors. All the neurons expressing P2Y4 receptors were found to express N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor 1 (NR1). These data suggest that purines and pyrimidines might be involved in regulation of the release
of the neuropeptides VP, OT, and orexin in the rat hypothalamus via P2Y4 receptors. Further, the physiological and pathophysiological functions of the neurons may operate through coupling between
P2Y4 receptors and NR1. 相似文献
133.
134.
Ling Jiang Jian Li Xiaofeng Liu Geoffrey Burnstock Zhenghua Xiang 《Journal of molecular histology》2014,45(2):229-241
Expression of the aquaporin-4 (AQP4) water channel was systematically studied in the digestive tract of the guinea pig using Western blot and immunofluorescence techniques. The results showed that AQP4 was expressed widely in different segments of the guinea pig digestive tract. AQP4-immunoreactivity was confined to parietal cells in the stomach, and absorptive and glandular epithelial cells of small and large intestine. AQP4 protein was also expressed by enteric glial cells of submucosal and myenteric ganglia and primary nerve trunks. AQP4 was expressed by both type I and type II enteric gliocytes, but not by type III or type IV enteric gliocytes, indicating that enteric gliocytes have a heterogeneous distribution in the gut wall. In addition, different patterns of AQP4 expression in the enteric nervous system of human, guinea pig, rat and mouse colon mucosa were identified: in rat and mouse AQP4 was localised to a small subpopulation of neurons; in the guinea pig AQP4 was localised to enteric glial cells; and in the human colon mucosa, AQP4 was also detected mainly in the glial cells. It has been speculated that AQP4 may be involved in water transport in the gastrointestinal tract. Its role in enteric neurons and glia is unknown, but, by analogy with the brain, AQP4 may be involved in the formation and resolution of edema. 相似文献
135.
Pontamine sky blue: a counterstain for background autofluorescence in fluorescence and immunofluorescence histochemistry 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
The stain pontamine sky blue (PSB) has been shown to reduce background autofluorescence in catecholamine fluorescence and immunofluorescence histochemical preparations. Using PSB as a counterstain on whole-mount stretch preparations of human mesenteric blood vessels, a medium dense noradrenergic nerve plexus is clearly revealed, which previously had been only partially visible because of background autofluorescence. Image analysis of nerve densities in whole-mount stretch preparations of guinea-pig arteries containing noradrenergic, substance P-, and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP)-positive nerve plexuses shows that PSB staining does not alter the specific neuronal fluorescence and that it improves image definition. 相似文献
136.
Expression of P2X receptors on immune cells in the rat liver during postnatal development 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Xiang Z Lv J Jiang P Chen C Jiang B Burnstock G 《Histochemistry and cell biology》2006,126(4):453-463
Single and double-labeling immunofluorescence and RT-PCR expression of P2X receptor proteins and mRNAs were used in a study of the liver of postnatal rats. OX62 and ED1 were used as markers for dendritic and macrophage (Kupffer) cells respectively. The results showed that the P2X6 receptor subunit was up-regulated by 15-fold on hepatic sinusoid cells during postnatal days P1 to P60. Subpopulations of Kupffer cells co-expressed P2X4 and P2X6 receptor subunits and dendritic cells co-expressed P2X4 and P2X7 receptor subunits. Lipopolysaccharide (endotoxin) injected into the peritoneal cavity led to increased expression of the P2X6 receptor on Kupffer cells, suggesting that the P2X6 receptor subunit may be up-regulated by endotoxin. This study presents the first evidence that P2X receptors are widely distributed in the rat liver immune system and that activation of Kupffer and dendritic cells in the rat liver might be regulated by extracellular ATP. 相似文献
137.
The distribution of P2Y6 and P2Y12 receptor-immunoreactive (ir) neurons and fibers and their coexistence with calbindin, calretinin and nitric oxide synthase
(NOS) has been investigated with single and double labeling immunostaining methods. The results showed that 30–36% of the
ganglion cells in the myenteric plexus are strongly P2Y6 receptor-ir neurons; they are distributed widely in the myenteric plexus of stomach, jejunum, ileum and colon, but not in
the submucosal plexus, with a typical morphology of multipolar neurons with a long axon-like process. About 42–46% of ganglion
cells in both the myenteric and submucosal plexuses show P2Y12 receptor-ir. About 28–35% of P2Y6 receptor-ir neurons were found to coexist with NOS and 41–47% of them coexist with calretinin, but there was no coexistence
of P2Y6 receptor-ir with calbindin. In contrast, all P2Y12 receptor-ir neurons were immunopositive for calbindin, although occasionally P2Y12 receptor-ir neurons without calbindin immunoreactivity were found, while none of the P2Y12 receptor-ir neurons were found to coexist with calretinin or NOS in the gastrointestinal system of guinea pig. The P2Y12 receptor-ir neurons coexpressing calbindin-ir in the small intestine are Dogiel type II/AH, intrinsic primary afferent neurons. 相似文献
138.
Purinergic transmission is one of the most ancient and widespread extracellular signalling systems. In the brain, purinergic
signalling plays a unique role in integrating neuronal and glial cellular circuits, as virtually every type of glial cell
possesses receptors to purines and pyrimidines. These receptors, represented by metabotropic P1 adenosine receptors, metabotropic
P2Y purinoceptors and ionotropic P2X purinoceptors, control numerous physiological functions of glial cells and are intimately
involved in virtually every form of neuropathology. In this essay, we provide an in depth overview of purinoceptor distribution
in two types of CNS glia—in astrocytes and oligodendrocytes—and discuss their physiological and pathophysiological roles.
An erratum to this article can be found at 相似文献
139.
Nicholas White Gillian E. Knight Peter E. M. Butler Geoffrey Burnstock 《Purinergic signalling》2009,5(3):327-333
Athymic mice, injected with A375 human melanoma cells, were treated daily with intraperitoneal injections of adenosine 5′-triphosphate
(ATP). The tumour volume and animal weight were measured over the course of the experiment and the final tumour nodule weight
was measured at the end of the experiment. Tumour volume decreased by nearly 50% by 7 weeks in treated mice. Weight loss in
untreated animals was prevented by ATP. Histological examination of the excised tumour nodules showed necrosis in the ATP-treated
tumours only. The presence of P2Y1 and P2X7 receptors, previously proposed as extracellular targets for melanoma treatment with ATP, were demonstrated in the excised
specimens by immunohistochemistry. This paper provides further support for the use of ATP as a treatment for melanoma. 相似文献
140.
This paper focuses on a role for ATP neurotransmission and gliotransmission in the pathophysiology of epileptic seizures.
ATP along with gap junctions propagates the glial calcium wave, which is an extraneuronal signalling pathway in the central
nervous system. Recently astrocyte intercellular calcium waves have been shown to underlie seizures, and conventional antiepileptic
drugs have been shown to attenuate these calcium waves. Blocking ATP-mediated gliotransmission, therefore, represents a potential
target for antiepileptic drugs. Furthermore, while knowledge of an antiepileptic role for adenosine is not new, a recent study
showed that adenosine accumulates from the hydrolysis of accumulated ATP released by astrocytes and is believed to inhibit
distant synapses by acting on adenosine receptors. Such a mechanism is consistent with a surround-inhibitory mechanism whose
failure would predispose to seizures. Other potential roles for ATP signalling in the initiation and spread of epileptiform
discharges may involve synaptic plasticity and coordination of synaptic networks. We conclude by making speculations about
future developments. 相似文献