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81.
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Background
Asthma is characterized by type 2 T-helper cell (Th2) inflammation, goblet cell hyperplasia, airway hyperreactivity, and airway fibrosis. Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1 or CCL2) and its receptor, CCR2, have been shown to play important roles in the development of Th2 inflammation. CCR2-deficient mice have been found to have altered inflammatory and physiologic responses in some models of experimental allergic asthma, but the role of CCR2 in contributing to inflammation and airway hyperreactivity appears to vary considerably between models. Furthermore, MCP-1-deficient mice have not previously been studied in models of experimental allergic asthma.Methods
To test whether MCP-1 and CCR2 are each required for the development of experimental allergic asthma, we applied an Aspergillus antigen-induced model of Th2 cytokine-driven allergic asthma associated with airway fibrosis to mice deficient in either MCP-1 or CCR2. Previous studies with live Aspergillus conidia instilled into the lung revealed that MCP-1 and CCR2 play a role in anti-fungal responses; in contrast, we used a non-viable Aspergillus antigen preparation known to induce a robust eosinophilic inflammatory response.Results
We found that wild-type C57BL/6 mice developed eosinophilic airway inflammation, goblet cell hyperplasia, airway hyperreactivity, elevations in serum IgE, and airway fibrosis in response to airway challenge with Aspergillus antigen. Surprisingly, mice deficient in either MCP-1 or CCR2 had responses to Aspergillus antigen similar to those seen in wild-type mice, including production of Th2 cytokines.Conclusion
We conclude that robust Th2-mediated lung pathology can occur even in the complete absence of MCP-1 or CCR2. 相似文献83.
Background
The NCBI taxonomy provides one of the most powerful ways to navigate sequence data bases but currently users are forced to formulate queries according to a single taxonomic classification. Given that there is not universal agreement on the classification of organisms, providing a single classification places constraints on the questions biologists can ask. However, maintaining multiple classifications is burdensome in the face of a constantly growing NCBI classification. 相似文献84.
Richardson Katherine; Rasmussen Bjarke; Bunk Tine; Mouritsen Lone Thybo 《Journal of plankton research》2003,25(7):799-813
The distribution and characteristics of phytoplankton in theSkagerrak in AugustSeptember 2000 were analysed in orderto evaluate the importance of subsurface phytoplankton peaksto water column ecology and primary production. In areas affectedby outflow from the Baltic, enhanced chlorophyll concentrationswere found in the warm surface waters (i.e. upper 1020m). However, for the central Skagerrak, the major part (5080%)of the chlorophyll in the water column was found below the warmsurface waters. The highest chlorophyll concentrations (up to>18 µg l-1) in the study area were also found belowthe warm surface waters and up to 95% of total water columnprimary production was recorded below the warm surface waterlayer. Measurements of variable fluorescence (Fv/Fm) indicatedthe greatest potential capacity for electron flow in photosystemII in phytoplankton was located below the warm surface waters.Spectrophotometrically determined pigment ratios suggest thatthe enhanced capacity for photosynthesis in the deeper watersmay be related to greater nutrient availability here than insurface waters. Subsurface chlorophyll distributions seen inrelation to the different water masses identified in the area,as well as community analysis of the phytoplankton present inthe subsurface peaks, indicate the presence of at least threedistinct subsurface phytoplankton blooms in the Skagerrak duringthe study period. Local oxygen saturation maxima recorded immediatelyabove the subsurface peaks provide in situ evidence that thesepeaks are photosynthetically active. This suggests that newproduction is taking place in these peaks, although quantificationof this production is hampered due to a lack of informationconcerning the initial conditions in and lifetime of the subsurfacepeaks. The subsurface phytoplankton peaks were, generally, foundimmediately above an oxygen minimum that covered the entirestudy area. In the relatively cold deep Atlantic water foundbelow the oxygen minimum layer, no or very little chlorophyllwas recorded and oxygen concentrations increased. Thus, it isargued that the respiration of the organic material producedin the upper part of the water column during late summer mayprimarily occur in the intermediate layers of the water column. 相似文献
85.
Cytosolic isocitrate dehydrogenase in humans, mice, and voles and phylogenetic analysis of the enzyme family 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Nekrutenko A; Hillis DM; Patton JC; Bradley RD; Baker RJ 《Molecular biology and evolution》1998,15(12):1674-1684
In this study, we report cDNA sequences of the cytosolic NADP-dependent
isocitrate dehydrogenase for humans, mice, and two species of voles
(Microtus mexicanus and Microtus ochrogaster). Inferred amino acid
sequences from these taxa display a high level of amino acid sequence
conservation, comparable to that of myosin beta heavy chain, and share
known structural features. A Caenorhabditis elegans enzyme that was
previously identified as a protein similar to isocitrate dehydrogenase is
most likely the NADP-dependent cytosolic isocitrate dehydrogenase enzyme
equivalent, based on amino acid similarity to mammalian enzymes and
phylogenetic analysis. We also suggest that NADP-dependent isocitrate
dehydrogenases characterized from alfalfa, soybean, and eucalyptus are most
likely cytosolic enzymes. The phylogenetic tree of various isocitrate
dehydrogenases from eukaryotic sources revealed that independent gene
duplications may have given rise to the cytosolic and mitochondrial forms
of NADP-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase in animals and fungi. There
appears to be no statistical support for a hypothesis that the
mitochondrial and cytosolic forms of the enzyme are orthologous in these
groups. A possible scenario of the evolution of NADP-dependent isocitrate
dehydrogenases is proposed.
相似文献
86.
Roderic DM Page 《BMC bioinformatics》2007,8(1):158
Background
TreeBASE is currently the only available large-scale database of published organismal phylogenies. Its utility is hampered by a lack of taxonomic consistency, both within the database, and with names of organisms in external genomic, specimen, and taxonomic databases. The extent to which the phylogenetic knowledge in TreeBASE becomes integrated with these other sources is limited by this lack of consistency. 相似文献87.
A transferable plasticity region in Campylobacter coli allows isolates of an otherwise non‐glycolytic food‐borne pathogen to catabolize glucose
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Hanne Vorwerk Claudia Huber Juliane Mohr Boyke Bunk Sabin Bhuju Olga Wensel Cathrin Spröer Angelika Fruth Antje Flieger Kerstin Schmidt‐Hohagen Dietmar Schomburg Wolfgang Eisenreich Dirk Hofreuter 《Molecular microbiology》2015,98(5):809-830
Thermophilic Campylobacter species colonize the intestine of agricultural and domestic animals commensally but cause severe gastroenteritis in humans. In contrast to other enteropathogenic bacteria, Campylobacter has been considered to be non‐glycolytic, a metabolic property originally used for their taxonomic classification. Contrary to this dogma, we demonstrate that several Campylobacter coli strains are able to utilize glucose as a growth substrate. Isotopologue profiling experiments with 13C‐labeled glucose suggested that these strains catabolize glucose via the pentose phosphate and Entner‐Doudoroff (ED) pathways and use glucose efficiently for de novo synthesis of amino acids and cell surface carbohydrates. Whole genome sequencing of glycolytic C. coli isolates identified a genomic island located within a ribosomal RNA gene cluster that encodes for all ED pathway enzymes and a glucose permease. We could show in vitro that a non‐glycolytic C. coli strain could acquire glycolytic activity through natural transformation with chromosomal DNA of C. coli and C. jejuni subsp. doylei strains possessing the ED pathway encoding plasticity region. These results reveal for the first time the ability of a Campylobacter species to catabolize glucose and provide new insights into how genetic macrodiversity through intra‐ and interspecies gene transfer expand the metabolic capacity of this food‐borne pathogen. 相似文献
88.
89.
90.
Hannes Beims Johannes Wittmann Boyke Bunk Cathrin Spr?er Christine Rohde Gabi Günther Manfred Rohde Werner von der Ohe Michael Steinert 《Applied and environmental microbiology》2015,81(16):5411-5419
Paenibacillus
larvae is the causative agent of American foulbrood (AFB), the most serious honey bee brood bacterial disease. We isolated and characterized P. larvae-directed bacteriophages and developed criteria for safe phage therapy. Whole-genome analysis of a highly lytic virus of the family Siphoviridae (HB10c2) provided a detailed safety profile and uncovered its lysogenic nature and a putative beta-lactamase-like protein. To rate its antagonistic activity against the pathogens targeted and to specify potentially harmful effects on the bee population and the environment, P. larvae genotypes ERIC I to IV, representatives of the bee gut microbiota, and a broad panel of members of the order Bacillales were analyzed for phage HB10c2-induced lysis. Breeding assays with infected bee larvae revealed that the in vitro phage activity observed was not predictive of the real-life scenario and therapeutic efficacy. On the basis of the disclosed P. larvae-bacteriophage coevolution, we discuss the future prospects of AFB phage therapy. 相似文献