Interactions of NH4+ and L-glutamate with NO3- transport processes of non-mycorrhizal Fagus sylvatica roots

The processes of NO₃^– uptake and transport and the effectsof NH₄⁺ or L-glutamate on these processes were investigatedwith excised non-mycorrhizal beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) roots.NO₃^– net uptake followed uniphasic Michaelis-Menten kineticsin a concentration range of 10µM to 1 mM with an apparentK_m of 9.2 µM and a V_max of 366 nmol g^–1 FW h^–1.NH₄⁺, when present in excess to NO₃^–, or 10 mM L-glutamateinhibited the net uptake of NO₃^– Apparently, part of NO₃^–taken up was loaded into the xylem. Relative xylem loading ofNO₃^– ranged from 3.21.6 to 6.45.1% of NO₃^– netuptake. It was not affected by treatment with NH₄⁺ or L-glutamate.¹⁶N/¹³N double labelling experiments showed that NO₃^–efflux from roots increased with increasing influx of NO₃^–and, therefore, declined if influx was reduced by NH₄⁺ or L-glutamateexposure. From these results it is concluded that NO₃^–net uptake by non-mycorrhizal beech roots is reduced by NH₄⁺or L-glutamate at the level of influx and not at the level ofefflux. Key words: Nitrate transport, net uptake, influx, efflux, ammonium, Fagus, Fagaceae     

Temporal Analysis of Changes in Neuronal c-fos mRNA Levels Induced by Depletion of Endoplasmic Reticulum Calcium Stores: Effect of Clamping Cytoplasmic Calcium Activity at Resting Levels

Abstract: Activation of immediate early gene expression is a key event in stress-induced neuronal cell injury. To study whether changes in cytoplasmic calcium activity are necessary to activate neuronal immediate early gene expression, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) calcium stores of primary neurons were depleted by exposing cells to thapsigargin (Tg), an irreversible inhibitor of ER Ca²⁺-ATPase. Tg-induced rise in [Ca²⁺]_i and the effect of loading neurons with the cell-permeable calcium chelator BAPTA-AM on this increase in [Ca²⁺]_i were measured in fura-2-loaded cells by fluorescence microscopy. Changes in c- fos mRNA levels were evaluated by quantitative PCR. Tg treatment of neurons produced a pronounced rise in c- fos mRNA levels (∼10-fold more than DMSO) which peaked at 1 h after exposure. The Tg-induced rise in c- fos mRNA content was unchanged (hippocampal neurons) or even increased further (cortical neurons) by preloading cells with BAPTA before incubation with Tg. It is concluded that in neuronal cells an increase in cytoplasmic calcium activity is not a prerequisite for a rise in mRNA levels of c- fos . Thus, stress-induced changes in mRNA levels of immediate early genes of neurons may also result from disturbances in ER calcium homeostasis and not necessarily by an overload of cells with calcium ions. The results of the present series of experiments cast further doubt on the widely accepted hypothesis that the stress-induced cytoplasmic overload of neurons with calcium ions is the primary event triggering cell injury.     

Polarity and competition between megaspores in the ovule ofOenothera hybrids

New data on the development of polarity in the ovules during megasporogenesis and early stages of embryo sac development inOenothera-hybrids are presented. It is confirmed that allOe. hookeri-hybrids show a strong tendency to form heteropolar tetrads, with the micropylar megaspore developing into an embryo sac. This preference is seen in the delay of the second meiotic division on the chalazal side, the absence of callose in the lateral wall of the micropylar megaspore, and the accumulation of starch in this megaspore. However, homopolar tetrads, chalazal preference, and ovules with two developing embryo sacs are also observed with considerable frequency. Quantitative data on the frequency of the different developmental types are compared with earlier genetic results about competition in the haplophase. There is sufficiently good agreement to support the hypothesis ofRenner that there is a correlation between the developmental processes in the megaspore tetrad and the genetic phenomena of competition in the haplophase.     

Anti-microtubular herbicides and fungicides affect Ca2+ transport in plant mitochondria

The herbicides amiprophosmethyl (APM) trifluralin, and oryzalin as well as the fungicides methylbenzimidazolyl carbamate (MBC), O-isopropyl N-phenyl carbamate (IPC), and chlorisopropyl N-phenyl carbamate (CIPC), which are known to cause the destruction of microtubules in vivo but do not interfere with tubulin polymerization in vitro, have been examined with respect to their ability to affect Ca²⁺ transport in isolated cell organelles. In contrast to colchicine which has no effect on Ca²⁺ transport in isolated mitochondrial and microsomal fractions, all of the substances investigated caused considerable reduction of ca²⁺ net uptake into mitochondrial but not into microsomal fractions. This reduction has been shown to be due to an increase in passive Ca²⁺ efflux. These results have been extrapolated to in vivo situations where they are postulated to act by raising cytoplasmic Ca²⁺ levels.Abbreviations APM amiprophosmethyl - CIPC chlorisopropyl N-phenyl carbamate - IPC O-isopropyl N-phenyl carbamate - MBC methylbenzimidazolyl carbamate - Mops 3-(N-Morpholino) propanesulfonic acid - DMSO dimethylsulfoxide     

Host-dependent modification of bacteriophage T7 and SAMase-negative T3 derivatives affecting their adsorption ability

Summary When passaging phage T7 and SAMase-negative T3 mutants betweenE. coli strains with identical (EcoB) or without (EcoO) DNA host specificity, phenotypically a host-controlled modification and restriction is observed. This phenomenon is not due to classical modification and restriction of the bacteriophage DNA but depends on the reversibly altered adsorption capacity of the phages on the different host strains.     

The ultrastructural basis of steroid production in the Y-organ and the mandibular organ of the crabs Hemigrapsus nudus (Dana) and Carcinus maenas L.

Summary The ultrastructure of the steroid producing Y-organ and the mandibular organ of the crustaceans Hemigrapsus nudus and Carcinus maenas has been studied with reference to the well investigated steroid secreting cells (SSC) of mammals. In accordance with the most important characteristic of mammalian SSC, abundant SER could be shown in the Y-organ, where it is unevenly distributed. The amount of SER seems to vary in correlation with the secretion of moulting hormone during the moult cycle. Most Y-organ cells contain a great number of mitochondria of the tubular type, another important characteristic of mammalian SSC. The ultrastructure of the mandibular organ of C. maenas differs considerably from that of the Y-organ. Some SER was found, mitochondria of unusual shape and size were conspicuous. No definite conclusion as to the function of the mandibular organ is yet to be drawn.Dedicated to Prof. Dr. Peter Karlson on the occasion of his 60th birthdaySupported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, grant Ad 24/4We wish to thank Dr. A. Owczarzak, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, for providing the facilities for our work with H. nudus and Thomas Gallenstein for many helpful discussions of technical problems     

Gonadotropin stimulation of steroidogenesis and cellular dispersion in cultured porcine cumuli oophori

The relationship between cellular dispersion and steroidogenesis was studied in culture using oocyte-cumulus complexes harvested from porcine follicles. The cells were cultured in modified TC 199 containing pig serum for one to two days. When oocyte-cumulus complexes were cultured in the absence of hormone the oocytes resumed meiosis, the cumulus cells grew out forming monolayers, and progesterone accumulation was low. Addition of ovine LH, purified human LH, or purified human FSH stimulated expansion of the cumulus mass as well as enhanced progesterone accumulation. Oocyte maturation was not affected by the hormones. In absence of hormone, oocyte-cumulus complexes obtained from large (6–12 mm) follicles showed increased cellular dispersion and higher progesterone accumulation as compared to complexes obtained from medium-sized (3–5 mm) follicles.     

Phylogenetic position of Gluconobacter species as a coherent cluster separated from all Acetobacter species on the basis of 16S ribosomal RNA sequences

Abstract The 16S rRNA sequences from the Gluconobacter species G. asaii G. cerinus and G. frateurii were determined and compared with homologous sequences from published databases and sequences of G. oxydans and Acetobacter species previously described [Sievers M., Ludwig W. and Teuber M. (1994) System. Appl. Microbiol. 17, 189–196]. The Gluconobacter species have unique 16S rRNA sequences and exhibit sequence similarity values of 97.4 to 99.1%, corresponding to 36 to 14 base differences. The phylogenetic tree inferring methods (distance matrix, maximum parsimony and maximum likelihood) show that the species of Gluconobacter form a coherent, closely related cluster. Based on the distance matrix method including Rhodopila globiformis as an outgroup reference organism, Gluconobacter is well separated from Acetobacter .