The distribution of marked dermal cells from small localized implants in limb regenerates

Numerous experiments have demonstrated that skin has a profound influence on the pattern of limb regeneration in urodeles. In this investigation, the fate during regeneration of marked cells derived from narrow strips of skin inserted into different positions around the limb circumference has been followed. Skin strips were taken from triploid axolotls and transplanted into diploid sibling animals. The distribution of trinucleolate cells was determined at the site of amputation and in the regenerated limb. The results indicate that at the time of amputation marked cells appear to be localized to the graft, whereas in the regenerated marked cells may be found at all proximal-distal levels and at any position around the circumference of the limb. These results are discussed in terms of a possible mechanism for distal outgrowth.     

In vitro stabilization of 6-methylsalicylic acid synthetase from Penicillium urticae

In continuing studies of patulin biosynthesis, the first enzyme of the pathway, 6-methylsalicylic acid synthetase, was found to be far more labile than were the later enzymes of the pathway. Attempts were made to stabilize 6-methylsalicylic acid synthetase in vitro. The combined addition of the cofactor NADPH, the substrates acetyl-CoA and malonyl-CoA, the reducing agent dithiothreitol, and the proteinase inhibitor phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride to cell-free extracts was found to prolong the half-life of the enzyme as much as 12-fold. This suggested that proteolysis and the conformational integrity of the enzyme may play an important role in controlling the duration of antibiotic biosynthesis in vivo. This was in agreement with the finding that the intracellular proteinase content of antibiotic-producing cells of Penicillium urticae rapidly increased just before the loss of 6-methylsalicylic acid synthetase content. These in vitro stabilization studies have provided some insight into the metabolic conditions that may stabilize these enzymes in vivo, and into possible ways of extending the life of these catalysts.     

Epithelial sheet movement: effects of tunicamycin on migration and glycoprotein synthesis

Corneas with central epithelial wounds, 3 mm in diameter, were organ cultured in the presence of tunicamycin (TM) (1 microgram/ml), an antibiotic that inhibits glycosylation of asparagine-linked glycoproteins. Compared with control corneas, which healed in 22 hr, corneas cultured in the presence of TM for the entire culture time or for only the first 6 hr displayed a progressively slower epithelial healing rate that essentially dropped to zero by 24 hr of culture time. At 24 hr, approximately 75% of the wound was covered. After repeated washings with TM-free culture media (6X, 10 min each), this effect could consistently be reversed in corneas exposed to TM for 6 hr. Incorporation of [3H]glucosamine into trichloroacetic acid-precipitable proteins of migrating epithelial sheets was reduced to 14% that of controls after 12 hr of culture with TM, whereas [14C]leucine incorporation was not significantly affected. The decreased glycosylation was reflected on the cell surface after 12 and 20 hr culture in the presence of TM: apical cell membranes of the first six cells of the leading edge of the migrating sheet bound significantly fewer ferritin-concanavalin A particles per micrometer of membrane than did controls. These results indicate that synthesis of asparagine-linked glycoproteins is required for continued migration of corneal epithelial sheets. The asparagine-linked glycoproteins that are required for migration probably include cell-surface glycoproteins.     

Ultrastructural alteration of cytolytic T lymphocytes following their interaction with target cells. I. Hypertrophy and change of orientation of the Golgi apparatus.

The ultrastructure of cytolytic T lymphocytes adhered to the surface of target cells was investigated at different periods after start of interaction. Fifteen-minute incubation led to increase of number of Golgi apparatus cisternae and vacuoles. After 30 min incubation Golgi apparatus become oriented to the contact area. If several lymphocytes adhered to one target cell the Golgi apparatus of each of them was oriented toward the contact area. If one lymphocyte adhered simultaneously to two target cells its Golgi apparatus was oriented toward both target cells. Giant Golgi apparatus vacuoles were formed 30 to 60 min later and then moved to plasma membrane of lymphocyte and then the content of those vacuoles moved to the intercellular space between a cytolytic T lymphocyte and a target cell. The period required for the hypertrophy and change of orientation of Golgi apparatus is supposed to represent the “mobilization” step of a medium-sized and small killer lymphocyte.