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31.
To determine whether soil disturbance by digging and burrowing mammals altered community structure and the rate of succession in a midsuccessional abandoned pasture, species richness, composition and relative abundance were monitored over a two year period both on and off artificially created earth mounds (100, 900, 8100 cm2). Mean species richness increased by up to two species per small mound (100 cm2) and by up to four species per large mound (8100 cm2). However, increased species richness was evident for less than two years. Initially, up to sixteen of the twenty species present occurred more often on earth mounds than off mounds, with two of these species found only on large mounds (8100 cm2). After two years, there was little or no significant difference in species composition and relative frequency on and off earth mounds. Experimental soil disturbance temporarily altered community structure simply by increasing space available for colonization since light, nutrient and water supply did not increase significantly on mounds. Soil disturbance can increase species richness and change species' relative frequency in disturbances as small as 100 cm2 but such changes were likely too small and short lived to alter permanently the structure and rate of succession in the abandoned pasture studied here.  相似文献   
32.
Within the great expanse of the Brazilian Amazon Basin,Sphagnum has been greatly overlooked, in part because of its scarcity and in part because of the paucity of trained bryological collectors in the area. During a Projeto Flora Amazônica expedition in 1979, seven specimens ofSphagnum were collected, representing six species, five of which are newly described:S. amazonicum, S. dimorphophyllum, andS. subsecundoides in sectionSphagnum;S. curicuriariense andS. ripense in sect.Subsecunda. Also discussed areS. negrense Mitt. andS. sanguinale Warnst.  相似文献   
33.
We have characterized a series of mouse monoclonal anti-CD4 and describe both their CD4 epitope recognition and Id expression. We also determined the V region gene sequences of these antibodies in an attempt to correlate epitope recognition and Id expression with V region sequence. All of these preparations recognize epitopes that cluster around the HIV gp120 binding site on the human CD4 molecule. However, we observed differences in epitope recognition among the anti-CD4 preparations, based on either competitive inhibition assays or functional assays, such as syncytium inhibition. Analysis of Id specificities using a polyclonal anti-Id generated against anti-Leu 3a indicated that five of the seven monoclonal anti-CD4 expressed a shared Id. Based on V region gene sequences, the V region kappa-chain (V[kappa]) from each of the seven antibodies was encoded by the V[kappa]21 gene family and expressed the J[kappa]4 gene segment. Those preparations that expressed the shared Id with anti-Leu 3a have virtually identical V[kappa] sequences, with a high degree of homology in the CDR. The VH region gene sequences of six of the seven antibodies also shared overall homology and appeared to be encoded by the J558 VH gene family. The seventh anti-CD4 VH region is encoded for by the VHGAM gene family. The majority of these antibodies used JH3 gene segment, although the JH2 and JH4 gene segments were also represented. In addition, several of these antibodies share a common sequence organization within their V-D-J joining regions that appears to involve N and P sequences to generate unique D segments. Together, these data suggest that differences in epitope recognition among the monoclonal anti-CD4 may reflect sequence variability primarily within the CDR3 region of both V[kappa] and VH. The basis for the detection of a shared Id most likely reflects the high degree of homology within the V[kappa] region sequences. In addition, these data, which are based on a limited analysis, suggest the possible restricted use of V region germ-line gene families in the secondary antibody response of BALB/c mice to specific epitopes on the human CD4 molecule.  相似文献   
34.
Ultraviolet hyperchromicity experiments indicate that in DNA duplex formation, a C-T mismatch is destabilizing in the center of a duplex, but behaves as a stable base pair at the terminus of a duplex. The C-T base pair is thought to contain two hydrogen bonds, but has thermodynamic parameters (delta Ho and delta Go of dissociation) that are similar to a G-C base pair. AMBER molecular mechanics calculations were performed to study the possible structural properties of DNA duplexes with central and terminal C-T combinations. These calculations also indicate that a central C-T pair destabilizes a duplex, while terminal C-T forms a stable base pair. Hydrogen bonding between cytosine and thymine occurs only in the energy-minimized structures when the helix diameter decreases and the propeller twist angle between the bases increases. These changes are found to occur only at the end of a duplex in the calculations, which may explain the experimental results.  相似文献   
35.
The c-kit ligand, KL, and its receptor, the proto-oncogene c-kit are encoded, respectively, at the steel (Sl) and white spotting (W) loci of the mouse. Both Sl and W mutations affect cellular targets in melanogenesis, gametogenesis, and hematopoiesis during development and in adult life. Although identified as a soluble protein, the predicted amino acid sequence of KL indicates that it is an integral transmembrane protein. We have investigated the relationship between the soluble and the cell associated forms of KL and the regulation of their expression. We show that the soluble form of KL is generated by efficient proteolytic cleavage from a transmembrane precursor, KL-1. An alternatively spliced version of KL-1, KL-2, in which the major proteolytic cleavage site is removed by splicing, is shown to produce a soluble biologically active form of KL as well, although with somewhat diminished efficiency. The protein kinase C inducer phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate and the calcium ionophore A23187 were shown to induce the cleavage of both KL-1 and KL-2 at similar rates, suggesting that this process can be regulated differentially. Furthermore, proteolytic processing of both the KL-1 and KL-2 transmembrane protein products was shown to occur on the cell surface. The relative abundance of KL-1 and KL-2 is controlled in a tissue-specific manner. Sld, a viable steel allele, is shown to encode a biologically active secreted mutant KL protein. These results indicate an important function for both the soluble and the cell associate form of KL. The respective roles of the soluble and cell associated forms of KL in the proliferative and migratory functions of c-kit are discussed.  相似文献   
36.
M A Buck  B S Cooperman 《Biochemistry》1990,29(22):5374-5379
In previous work we showed that on photolysis of Escherichia coli ribosomes in the presence of [3H]tetracycline (TC) the major protein labeled is S7, and we presented strong evidence that such labeling takes place from a high-affinity site related to the inhibitory action of TC [Goldman, R. A., Hasan, T., Hall, C. C., Strycharz, W. A., & Cooperman, B. S. (1983) Biochemistry 22, 359-368]. In this work we use single protein omission reconstitution (SPORE) experiments to identify those proteins that are important for high-affinity TC binding to the 30S subunit, as measured by both cosedimentation and filter binding assays. With respect to both sedimentation coefficients and relative Phe-tRNAPhe binding, the properties of the SPORE particles we obtain parallel very closely those measured earlier [Nomura, M., Mizushima, S., Ozaki, M., Traub, P., & Lowry, C. V. (1969) Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol. 34, 49-61], with the exception of the SPORE particle lacking S13. A total of five proteins, S3, S7, S8, S14, and S19, are shown to be important for TC binding, with the largest effects seen on omission of proteins S7 and S14. Determination of the protein compositions of the corresponding SPORE particles demonstrates that the observed effects are, for the most part, directly attributable to the omission of the given protein rather than reflecting an indirect effect of omitting one protein on the uptake of another. A large body of evidence supports the notion that four of these proteins, S3, S7, S14, and S19, are included, along with 16S rRNA bases 920-1396, in one of the major domains of the 30S subunit.  相似文献   
37.
The yeast nuclear mutant, pet 936, has previously been shown to be defective in the assembly of a functional mitochondrial ATPase (Todd, R. D., McAda, P. C., and Douglas, M. G. (1979) J. Biol. Chem. 254, 11134-11141). In the present report, trypsin degradation and subunit-specific antibody binding have been used to localize subunits 1, 2, and 3 external to or associated with the outer aspect of the inner mitochondrial membrane in the mutant strain. A similar population of unassembled subunits was found in the parental strain as well. Isotope dilution experiments are compatible with those unassembled subunits being normal intermediates in the assembly pathway of the ATPase complex which are blocked from transport across the inner mitochondrial membrane in the mutant, pet 936.  相似文献   
38.
William R. Buck 《Brittonia》1981,33(4):556-563
Eriodon is reduced from five species to two.Eriodon radicalis is recognized asEntodontopsis radicalis;Eriodon longipes asPorotrichodendron longipes; andE. brevisetus as synonymous withLindigia debilis. Mandoniella, Stenocarpidiopsis andLepyrodontopsis are discussed and illustrated.Lepyrodontopsis is transferred to the new familyLe pyrodontopsidaceae, near the Meteoriaceae. The following nomenclatural trans fers are proposed for Rozea:R. andrieuxii f.chrysea andR. andrieuxii var.bour gaeana. Sciuroleskea is transferred to an alliance withStereophyllum,Juratzkaea, Entodontopsis, Stenocarpidium andJuratzkaeella. The following transfers are proposed:Sciuroleskea roseorum (Williams asRozea) Buck andJuratzkaea argentinica (Thér. asJ. seminervis var.argentinica) Buck. A key to the erect-capsuled South American genera retained in the Brachytheciaceae is provided.  相似文献   
39.
William R. Buck 《Brittonia》1981,33(3):453-456
Cheilothela Lindb. is recognized as a monotypic genus forC. chloropus (Brid.) Lindb. The South American and New Zealand taxa are considered to be synonymous and placed in the resurrectedChrysoblastella Williams asC. chilensis (Mont.) Reim.Chrysoblastella is segregated fromCheilothela on the basis of numerous sporophytic characters as well as their phytogeography.Cheilothela longirostre Fleisch., from Java, is misplaced in either genus and a new genus,Strombulidens, is erected to accommodate it.Strombulidens is considered most closely related toWilsoniella on the basis of their unique peristomes.  相似文献   
40.
Contact guidance was studied in cultures of chick heart fibroblasts and kidney epithelium by observing the relation of these cells to fine grooves ruled in plastic culture dishes, and also to ridges or grooves in plastic replicas moulded from rulings made in metal. The relation of the cells to the regularly arranged collagen fibers of fish scales was also studied by scanning and transmission electron microscopy (SEM and TEM). On the rulings with groove periodicity in the range of 5 μm about 75% of the cells were aligned, but on grooves separated about 30 μm only 60% of cells were aligned. Cytoplasmic components of the cells such as microfilaments maintained a constant relation to the axis of the cell as a whole, but they, and also any cytoplasmic extensions, such as filopodia, bore no consistent relation to any features of the substratum, whether or not the cells were aligned. The cells were not guided to become aligned by filopodia or lamellipodia. The most remarkable and consistent finding was that cells bridged over grooves without contacting their surfaces, whether the grooves were 2 or 10 μm wide. The bridging was a characteristic of cells growing on any of the substrates, including those with grooves or ridges, and also of collagen substrates made from fish scales. A hypothesis is proposed to explain the contact guidance seen on ridged or grooved substrata and on the orientated collagen fibers involving the observed cell bridging and the fact that linear cell-to-substrate contacts (focal contacts) are known to be vital for cell movement. The cell is considered to be stiff so that as it bridges over much of the substratum there is only a limited area available for contact. Assuming that focal contacts need to be of a certain length to provide adhesion, a cell orientation that presents the maximum linear contact would be favoured. An examination of the results of this study and of the reports in the literature shows that cells on these types of substrata take on an orientation such that linear contacts would be expected to predominate.  相似文献   
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