EFFICACY OF ‘SAFE’ LEVELS OF ANTIMICROBIAL FOOD ADDITIVES TO CONTROL MICROBIAL CONTAMINANTS IN A SYNTHETIC DIET FOR AGRIA AFFINIS LARVAE

The ability of eight antimicrobial food additives to suppress the growth of seven micro-organisms in a chemically defined diet for an insect, Agria affinis auct. nec Fallén, was tested by inoculating a standard number of the microorganisms into the diet and determining the amount of microbial growth and the effects on the rate of growth and survival of the insect. The antibiotics, mycifradin sulfate, streptomycin sulphate, and tetracyn, suppressed the growth of bacteria, and aerosporin suppressed the growth of yeast at concentrations that were innocuous for the insect. Mold inhibitors were less effective, and failed to suppress the growth of a species of Aspergillus. Potassium sorbate suppressed the growth of yeast, bacteria, and species of Penicillium, but only at concentrations that adversely affected the rate of growth and survival of the insect.Antimicrobial compounds that are added to synthetic diets of insects to control contamination by microorganisms must be chosen carefully with due regard for the species of micro-organisms that are responsible for the most serious contamination, for the tolerance of the insect to the effective concentrations of the antimicrobials, and for the nutritional level of the synthetic diet.

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Résumé Ce travail montre que les contaminations expérimentales d'un milieu synthétique pour l'élevage axénique des larves d'Agria affinis a des effets défavorables ou nocifs, soit en retardant le développement, soit en provoquant une mortalité des divers stades. L'adjonction d'antibiotiques au milieu d'élevage, peut avec des doses appropriées, éviter les contaminations, sans affecter la croissance ou la survie de l'insecte.Les micro-organismes utilisés pour la contamination du milieu d'élevage sont: 2 bactéries (Serratia marcescens Bizio et Providencia alcalifaciens (De Salles Gomes), 1 levure (Rhodotorula sp.) 4 moississures (Penicillium sp. A, B et C et Aspergillus sp.).Les composés anti-microbiens utilisés sont: 5 antibiotiques (Aerosporin, Sulfate de Mycifradin, Penicilline G potassium, sulfate de Streptomycine, et Tetracyn) 3 mycostatiques (sorbate de potassium, benzoate de sodium et propionate de sodium). La mycifradine, la streptomycine et la tetracyne empêchent bien la développement des deux bactéries testées, l'aerosporine supprime celle de la levure (tout cela à des concentrations non-nocives pour l'insecte). Les mycostatiques furent moins efficaces en particulier contre une espèce d'Aspergillus. Le sorbate de potassium inhibe la croissance de la levure, des bactéries et de Penicillium, mais seulement à des doses qui sont défavorables à la croissance et à la survie de l'insecte. Les micro-organismes semblent exercer leurs effets nocifs en modifiant la consistance ou la valeur nutritive du milieu alimentaire des larves, plutôt qu'en provoquant des infections directes.Le choix des composés anti-microbiens qui peuvent être adjoints à un milieu alimentaire d'élevage pour des larves d'insectes doit donc être réalisé avec soin, en tenant compte d'une part, de leur efficacité réelle sur les germes dont on doit éviter la prolifération, d'autre part, de leur inocuité sur l'insecte aux doses utilisées.

     

Lidocaine block of cardiac sodium channels

Lidocaine block of cardiac sodium channels was studied in voltage-clamped rabbit purkinje fibers at drug concentrations ranging from 1 mM down to effective antiarrhythmic doses (5-20 μM). Dose-response curves indicated that lidocaine blocks the channel by binding one-to-one, with a voltage-dependent K(d). The half-blocking concentration varied from more than 300 μM, at a negative holding potential where inactivation was completely removed, to approximately 10 μM, at a depolarized holding potential where inactivation was nearly complete. Lidocaine block showed prominent use dependence with trains of depolarizing pulses from a negative holding potential. During the interval between pulses, repriming of I (Na) displayed two exponential components, a normally recovering component (τless than 0.2 s), and a lidocaine-induced, slowly recovering fraction (τ approximately 1-2 s at pH 7.0). Raising the lidocaine concentration magnified the slowly recovering fraction without changing its time course; after a long depolarization, this fraction was one-half at approximately 10 μM lidocaine, just as expected if it corresponded to drug-bound, inactivated channels. At less than or equal to 20 μM lidocaine, the slowly recovering fraction grew exponentially to a steady level as the preceding depolarization was prolonged; the time course was the same for strong or weak depolarizations, that is, with or without significant activation of I(Na). This argues that use dependence at therapeutic levels reflects block of inactivated channels, rather than block of open channels. Overall, these results provide direct evidence for the “modulated-receptor hypothesis” of Hille (1977) and Hondeghem and Katzung (1977). Unlike tetrodotoxin, lidocaine shows similar interactions with Na channels of heart, nerve, and skeletal muscle.     

Interaction of influenza virus proteins with planar lipid bilayers: A model for virion assembly

Changes in conductance of oxidized cholesterol planar lipid bilayers were measured following the incorporation of isolated surface glycoproteins; hemagglutinin and neuraminidase (HA+NA) or matrix protein (M-protein) of influenza virus. The conductance dependence of the lipid bilayers on the HA+NA or M-protein concentrations indicates different mechanisms of interaction of these viral proteins with the lipid bilayer. Adsorption of M-protein molecules on one side of the lipid bilayer affects the character of the HA+NA interaction with the opposite side. Planar lipid bilayers can be a useful model for investigation of the assembly of influenza virions and other enveloped viruses.     

Lymphatic manifestation forms in the terminal phase of chronic myelocytic leukemia

A blastic transformation in chronic myeloic leukaemia (CML) is reported, which, on the one hand, is characterized by the "lymphoid" feature of blasts and, on the other hand, by the appearance of great lymph node swellings. The clear distinction from (secondary) malignant lymphomas may be difficult. The inclusion of such forms of blastic transformation in CML is based on cytogenetic findings. Their non-granulocytic or "lymphoid" nature emerges from their cytological behavior. The fact that these lymphoid transformations respond to vincristin and prednison emphasize that their recognition as special entities is justified. They also demonstrate that the neoplastic process in CML may not only involve myelopoietic but pluripotent stem cells as well.     

Zur elektronenmikroskopischen Untersuchung der juxtaglomerulären Spezialeinrichtungen der Niere

Summary In the mouse and the rat, the epithelioid (juxtaglomerular) cells in the media of the preglomerular part of the afferent arteriole are relatively large cells which are rich in more or less osmophilic granules and are embedded in a framework of basement membranes. These membranes are here and there interrupted while the cell membranes are always continuous.The nuclei are ellipsoid and may be indented by the secretory granules; in some sections nucleoli are seen.The most striking structures of the epithelioid cells are the spherical or polymorphous secretory granules which have a smooth contour and are surrounded by a smooth single membrane. As a rule their content is flocculent; often it contains smaller inclusions that are more or less electron dense and sometimes of a complex structure.The rather pale mitochondria show the usual structure; they are abundant but frequently somewhat concealed between the generally much larger secretory granules. The Golgi apparatus is very well developped; Golgi elements (parallel lamellae, vacuoles and vesicles) may be seen several times in the same cell section. In two epithelioid cells a centriole has been found near the nucleus.Moreover the cytoplasm contains a very rich ergastoplasm (endoplasmic reticulum) and is plentifully supplied with ribosomes. Microbodies and multivesicular bodies are rare. On the other hand, fibrillar structures (myofibrils ?) are often present.The ultrastructure of the epithelioid cells suggests that they have an active metabolism and, according to all evidence (see discussion), a secretory function. The nature of the elaborated substance has not yet been defined.

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Mit Unterstützung durch die Fritz Hoffmann-La Roche-Stiftung zur Förderung wissenschaftlicher Arbeitsgemeinschaften in der Schweiz.     

A Genetic Mosaic Screen of Essential Zygotic Genes in Caenorhabditis Elegans

We have devised a simple genetic mosaic screen, which circumvents the difficulties posed by phenotypic analysis of early lethal mutants, to analyze essential zygotic genes in Caenorhabditis elegans. The screen attempts to distinguish genes involved in cell type and/or lineage specific processes such as determination, differentiation or morphogenesis from genes involved in general processes such as intermediary metabolism by using the pattern of gene function to classify genes: genes required in one or a subset of early blastomeres may have specific functions, whereas genes required in all early blastomeres may have general functions. We found that 12 of 17 genes examined function in specific early blastomeres, suggesting that many zygotic genes contribute to specific early processes. We discuss the advantages and limitations of this screen, which is applicable to other regions of the C. elegans genome.     

Interaction of influenza virus proteins with planar bilayer lipid membranes. II. Effects of rimantadine and amantadine

The dependence of the surface potential difference (delta U), transversal elasticity module (E1) and membrane conductivity (G0) on the concentrations of the antiviral drugs, rimantadine and amantadine was studied in the planar bilayer lipid membrane system. The method used was based on independent measurements of the second and third harmonics of the membrane capacitance current. The binding constants of bilayer lipid membranes obtained from the drug adsorption isotherms were 2.1 X 10(5) M-1 and 1.3 X 10(4) M-1 for rimantadine and amantadine, respectively. The changes in G0 took place only after drug adsorption saturation had been achieved. The influence of rimantadine and amantadine on the interaction of bilayer lipid membranes with matrix protein from influenza virus was also investigated. The presence of 70 micrograms/ml rimantadine in the bathing solution resulted in an increase in the concentration of M-protein at which the adsorption and conductance changes were observed. The effects of amantadine were similar to those of rimantadine but required a higher critical concentration of amantadine. The results obtained suggest that the antiviral properties of rimantadine and amantadine may be related to the interaction of these drugs with the cell membrane, which can affect virus penetration into the cell as well as maturation of the viral particle at the cell membrane.     

The effect of ambient temperature on the relationship between ventilation and metabolism in a small parrot (Agapornis roseicollis)

Summary Values for basal metabolism, standard tidal volume (V _T), standard minute volume ( ), and mean extraction efficiency (EO₂) in the thermal neutral zone (TNZ) inAgapornis roseicollis (1.84 ml·min^–1; 0.95 ml·br^–1, STPD; and 33.3 ml·min^–1, STPD; and 22.5%; respectively) were all very similar to values for these parameters previously measured inBolborhynchus lineola, a similarly sized, closely related species from a distinctly different habitat.Having both a lower critical temperature (T_lc) below and an upper critical temperature (T_uc) above those ofB. lineola, the TNZ ofA. roseicollis extended from 25° to at least 35°C. The thermal conductance below the TNZ ofA. roseicollis was 14% less than that ofB. lineola. Therefore, at 5°C the standard metabolic rate (SMR) of the former is 17% less than that of the latter, and at 35°C it is 20% less. At 5°CA. roseicollis has a lower EO₂ and at 35°C a higher EO₂ than that ofB. lineola. The patterns of resting energy metabolism and of ventilation ofA. roseicollis and ofB. lineola are consistent with the former species being better suited to living in a more variable thermal environment than the latter.MeanV _T has a weak positive correlation with the rate of oxygen consumption ( ) at a constant ambient temperature (T _a) but a much stronger correlation when resting increases in response to a decrease inT _a.V _t is the only ventilatory parameter which is linearly correlated toT _a from 35° to –25°C. The data suggest thatT _a may have a regulatory effect onV _T somewhat independent of or .     

Effects of Spider Chemotactile Cues on Arthropod Behavior

Predation risk can strongly affect the behavior of prey species. However, empirical evidence for changes in behavior driven by spider cues is restricted to relatively few taxa. Here, we conducted a series of behavioral experiments to test for changes in activity among a wide range of terrestrial arthropods. We confronted 13 insect and eight spider species with chemotactile cues of three spider species. We applied two different experimental setups: In the ‘no-choice experiment’ prey individuals were either put on control filter papers or on filter papers previously occupied by a spider. In the ‘choice experiment’, the prey individuals were able to choose between filter paper halves with and without spider cues. In both setups, the response to spider cues depended significantly on prey species, with some species increasing and others decreasing their activity. Surprisingly few prey species responded to the spider cues at all. Our results indicate that predator recognition upon contact with cue bearing filter papers is strongly prey-specific and that behavioral effects driven by spider chemotactile cues are an exception rather than the rule among terrestrial arthropods.