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41.
E. M. Lynch J. Wharton M. G. Bryant S. R. Bloom J. M. Polak MD MRCPath M. G. Elder 《Histochemistry and cell biology》1980,67(2):169-177
Summary VIP-like immunoreactive material is present in the female reproductive tract, with a distinct pattern of distribution. The highest concentrations of extractable material and immunoreactive nerve fibres were found in the cervix and vagina. In the cervix these fibres were seen below the surface epithelium and around cervical glands as well as in association with blood vessels and smooth muscle bundles. In the vagina the nerve fibres were most abundant in the superficial regions of the lamina propria. Scattered fibres were also present in the rest of the uterus and in the fallopian tubes. Chromatographic evidence indicates that this VIP-like material is of a similar molecular size to that extracted from other organs. Possible roles for VIP in the regulation of myometrial activity and of cervical and vaginal dilation and secretion are proposed. 相似文献
42.
43.
The hypothesis that ambient CO2 levels determine the end-products of energy metabolism excreted by Hymenolepis diminuta was tested by incubating the parasite in a range of CO2 concentrations and measuring internal concentrations of adenine nucleotides and the excretion of organic acids. The strain of H. diminuta used was found to excrete mainly lactic acid and acetic acid. Succinic acid production was generally less than 5–10% of the total. At high CO2 concentrations, the rate of excretion of lactic acid decreased while that of succinic acid increased, which conforms with the hypothesis. Acetic acid excretion did not vary significantly over the range of CO2 concentrations used. Other results did not support the hypothesis. High CO2 levels reduced the total amounts of acids excreted and the rate of succinic acid excretion was so small as to be ineffective in preventing the accumulation of H+ ions. When present in the incubation medium, succinic acid was taken up by H. diminuta. Lactic and acetic acid excretion was always sufficient to limit the accumulation of H+ ions. The conditions of incubation were shown not to be responsible for the low rates of succinic acid excreted. Incubation conditions and metabolic end-products were found to affect the rates of excretion of organic acids. There is thus a need, in work of this nature, to regulate and specify experimental conditions and to stipulate the strain of parasite used. The hypothesis was rejected and it was suggested that the energy metabolism of parasitic helminths is adapted to fluctuating O2 and CO2 tensions. 相似文献
44.
It possesses sigmoid kinetics with PEP; FBP activation changes the relationship to a rectangular hyperbola. The enzyme is inhibited by malate, which competes with PEP; FBP relieves the inhibition slightly. ATP and bicarbonate ions are also inhibitory at high concentrations. ATP inhibition is mixed-competitive with PEP; bicarbonate inhibition is non-competitive. It is suggested that pyruvate kinase may regulate both lactate and acetate production by moderating the size of the cytosolic pyruvate pool. 相似文献
45.
A fate map of the female genital disc of Drosophila melanogaster was established by examining the derivatives of fragments transplanted into host larvae for metamorphosis. The fate map is presented as a two-dimensional projection, but for several reasons it is proposed that the anal plates originate from the dorsal epithelial layer whereas the genitalia are produced from the ventral layer. Fragments produced by cuts parallel to the axis of symmetry of the disc undergo regeneration during culture in adult hosts if the fragments comprise more than half of the disc, or duplication if they comprise less than half. Most of the fragments generated by bilaterally symmetrical cuts across the line of symmetry of the disc undergo neither regeneration nor duplication during culture, but with some such fragments there is a low frequency of regeneration. It is argued that the usual lack of regeneration in these fragments results from wound healing which confronts identical positions from right and left sides, giving no growth stimulation. The fragments which regenerate might do so as a result of healing between dorsal and ventral surfaces, providing the discontinuity in positional information which is thought to be involved in growth stimulation. 相似文献
46.
The structure of cyanobacterial phycobilisomes: a model 总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7
Donald A. Bryant Gérard Guglielmi Nicole Tandeau de Marsac Anne-Marie Castets Germaine Cohen-Bazire 《Archives of microbiology》1979,123(2):113-127
Phycobilisomes, supramolecular complexes of water-soluble accessory pigments, serve as the major light-harvesting antennae in cyanobacteria and red algae. Regular arrays of these organelles are found on the surface of the thylakoid membranes of these organisms. In the present study, the hemi-discoidal phycobilisomes of several species of cyanobacteria were examined in thin sections of cells and by negative staining after isolation and fixation. Their fundamental structures were found to be the same. Isolated phycobilisomes possessed a triangular core assembled from three stacks of disc-shaped subunits. Each stack contained two discs which were 12 nm in diameter and 6–7 nm thick. Each of these discs was probably subdivided into halves 3–3.5 nm thick. Radiating from each of two sides of the triangular core were three rods 12 nm in diameter. Each rod consisted of stacks of 2 to 6 disc-shaped subunits 6 nm thick. These discs were subdivided into halves 3 nm thick.The average number of discs of 6 nm thickness forming the peripheral rods varied among the strains studied. For certain chromatically adapting strains, the average rod length was dependent upon the wavelength of light to which cells were exposed during growth. Analyses of phycobilisomes by spectroscopic techniques, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and electron microscopy were compared. These analyses suggested that the triangular core was composed of allophycocyanin and that the peripheral rods contained phycocyanin and phycoerythrin (when present). A detailed model of the hemi-discoidal phycobilisome is proposed. This model can account for many aspects of phycobiliprotein assembly and energy transfer.Abbreviations PBS
phycobilisome(s)
- PBP
phycobiliprotein(s)
- AP
allophycocyanin
- PC
phycocyanin
- PE
phycoerythrin
- PEC
phycoerythrocyanin
- AP-B
allophycocyanin B
- C-
cyanobacterial
- R-
rhodophytan
- B-
Bangiophycean
- SDS
sodium dodecyl sulfate
- LPP
Lyngbya-Plectonema-Phormidium group
- Na-KPO4 buffers
NaH2PO4 titrated with a solution of KH2PO4 of equivalent molarity to a given pH 相似文献
47.
Clostridium pasteurianum total cellular saturated fatty acids increased through its growth cycle from 81% to 91% but varied significantly in the composition
under nitrogen- and non-nitrogen-fixing conditions. During ammonia-assimilating growth, palmitic acid decreased from 67.7%
to 43.5% by late log while marked increases in shorter chain saturated fatty acids (C15:0 and below) and a long chain saturated C22:0 occured. In contrast, under N2-fixing growth conditions, palmitic acid increased from 45.5% to 84.3% by late log, representing nearly the total amound of
saturated fatty acids found inC. pasteurianum. The total cellular lipid concentration decreased as the culture aged. irrespective of the nitrogen sources; however, the
phospholipid concentration increased significantly during N2-fixing growth as compared with a 50% decrease during ammonia-assimilating conditions. The implication of these differences
and possible role of palmitic acid and phospholipids inC. pasteurianum nitrogen fixation process are discussed. 相似文献
48.
H S Besterman G C Cook D L Sarson N D Christofides M G Bryant M Gregor S R Bloom 《BMJ (Clinical research ed.)》1979,2(6200):1252-1255
Concentrations of various gut hormones were measured after a test breakfast in eight patients with severe tropical malabsorption and 12 controls. The patients with tropical malabsorption had greatly raised basal plasma motilin and enteroglucagon concentrations, but their postprandial release of both gastric inhibitory polypeptide and insulin was significantly reduced. The pattern of gut hormone release differed from that found in coeliac disease. The measurement of gut hormones, each of which has a specific site and function, thus throws new light on the pathophysiology of tropical malabsorption and may suggest approaches of treatment. 相似文献
49.
The magnetic spin-lattice relaxation rates of solvent water nuclei are known to increase upon addition of diamagnetic solute protein. This enhancement of the relaxation rate is a function of magnetic field, and the orientational relaxation time of the protein molecules can be deduced from analysis of the field-dependent relaxation rates. Although the nature of the interactions that convey information about the dynamics of protein motion to the solvent molecules is not established, it is known that there is a contribution to the relaxation rates of solvent protons that plays no role in the relaxation of solvent deuterons and 17O nuclei. We show here that the additional interaction arises from a cross-relaxation process between solvent and solute protons. We introduce a heuristic three-parameter model in which protein protons and solvent protons are considered as two separate thermodynamic systems that interact across the protein-solvent interface. The three parameters are the intrinsic relaxation rates of each system and a cross-relaxation term. The sign of the latter term must always be positive, for all values of magnetic field, in order for magnetization energy to flow from the hotter to the cooler system. We find that the magnetic field-dependence of the cross-relaxation contribution is much like that of the remaining solvent proton relaxation, i.e., about the same as the deuteron relaxation field dependence. This finding is not compatible with the predictions of expressions for the cross-relaxation that have been used by other authors, but not applied to data over a wide range of magnetic field strength. The model predicts that the relaxation behavior of both the protein protons and the solvent protons is the sum of two exponentials, the relative contributions of which would vary with protein concentration and solvent isotopic composition in a fashion suggestive of the presence of two classes of protein protons, when there is in reality only one. This finding has immediate implications for the interpretation of published proton relaxation rates in complex systems such as tissues; these data should be reexamined with cross-relaxation taken into account. 相似文献
50.